Nokea
Which of the following meninges is a thin membrane containing numerous nerves and blood vessels that supply nourishment to the underlying brain cells and spinal cord?
- A. Arachnoid mater
- B. Dura mater
- C. Periosteum
- D. Pia mater
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The pia mater is the correct answer. It is a thin, innermost layer of the meninges that contains numerous nerves and blood vessels, providing nourishment to the underlying brain cells and spinal cord. The arachnoid mater (Choice A) is the middle layer of the meninges and does not contain as many nerves and blood vessels as the pia mater. The dura mater (Choice B) is the tough, outermost layer of the meninges and is not responsible for supplying nourishment. The periosteum (Choice C) is a connective tissue membrane covering bones, not part of the meninges.
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Which of the following indicates the body's draining of clear fluid throughout the body to protect it from infection?
- A. Pulmonary Loop
- B. Systemic Loop
- C. Lymphatic System
- D. Immune System
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the Lymphatic System. The lymphatic system is responsible for draining clear fluid, known as lymph, throughout the body to protect it from infection. The other choices are incorrect because the pulmonary loop specifically refers to circulation between the heart and lungs, the systemic loop refers to circulation between the heart and the rest of the body, and the immune system is responsible for fighting infections and diseases rather than draining clear fluid.
Which part of the brain controls breathing and heart rate?
- A. Cerebrum
- B. Medulla oblongata
- C. Thalamus
- D. Cerebellum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The medulla oblongata is the correct answer because it is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate. The cerebrum (Choice A) is primarily associated with higher brain functions like thinking and voluntary movements, not with regulating basic bodily functions like breathing and heart rate. The thalamus (Choice C) serves as a relay station for sensory information but is not directly involved in controlling breathing and heart rate. The cerebellum (Choice D) plays a role in coordination and balance, not in regulating respiratory and cardiac functions.
What is the ultimate end product of glucose breakdown in glycolysis?
- A. ATP
- B. NADPH
- C. Pyruvic acid
- D. Oxygen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The ultimate end product of glucose breakdown in glycolysis is pyruvic acid. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic reactions. ATP is produced as an energy carrier during glycolysis, but it is not the final end product. NADPH is not a direct product of glycolysis; it is mainly produced in the pentose phosphate pathway. Oxygen is not a product of glycolysis but is used as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
- A. To regulate metabolism
- B. To produce bile
- C. To produce red blood cells
- D. To regulate blood glucose
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: To regulate blood glucose. The adrenal glands play a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and the body's response to stress. Choice A, 'To regulate metabolism,' is incorrect as the primary role of the adrenal glands is not directly related to metabolism regulation. Choice B, 'To produce bile,' is incorrect because bile is produced by the liver, not the adrenal glands. Choice C, 'To produce red blood cells,' is also incorrect as the production of red blood cells primarily occurs in the bone marrow, not the adrenal glands.
Which of the following is an end product of cellular respiration?
- A. Oxygen
- B. ATP energy
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Water
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: ATP energy. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce ATP, which is the primary energy currency of cells. While oxygen is required for cellular respiration to occur, it is not an end product but rather a reactant. Carbon dioxide and water are byproducts of cellular respiration, alongside ATP. Therefore, options A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not end products of cellular respiration.