Nokea
Which of the following moves furthest to the anode on cellulose acetate electrophoresis of normal haemoglobin at pH 8.6?
- A. Haemoglobin A
- B. Haemoglobin D
- C. Haemoglobin A2
- D. Haemoglobin S
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: 1. In cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.6, proteins migrate based on their net charge.
2. Haemoglobin A migrates furthest to the anode as it has the highest net negative charge among the options.
3. Haemoglobin D, A2, and S have different charges compared to Haemoglobin A.
4. Haemoglobin D and A2 have lower net negative charges, so they migrate less than Haemoglobin A.
5. Haemoglobin S has a different charge distribution due to a mutation, causing it to migrate differently than Haemoglobin A.
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Which of the following best characterizes the function of ferroportin in iron metabolism?
- A. A form of storage iron in intestinal mucosal cells
- B. A transport protein in the plasma
- C. A receptor protein on the surface of erythroid progenitors
- D. Transmembrane iron exporter
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Transmembrane iron exporter. Ferroportin is a transmembrane protein that functions as an iron exporter, allowing iron to move out of cells. This is crucial in iron metabolism as it facilitates the release of iron from cells into the bloodstream for transport to other tissues.
A: A form of storage iron in intestinal mucosal cells - This is incorrect as ferroportin is not involved in storing iron in cells.
B: A transport protein in the plasma - This is incorrect as ferroportin is not primarily a plasma protein but rather a transmembrane protein.
C: A receptor protein on the surface of erythroid progenitors - This is incorrect as ferroportin is not a receptor protein but an exporter protein.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has a white blood cell (WBC) count of 8000/mm³. What concern should the nurse have about this finding?
- A. The patient has an infection.
- B. The patient is at risk for infection.
- C. The patient has a hematological disorder.
- D. There is no concern; this is a normal finding.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a WBC count of 8000/mm³ falls within the normal reference range of 4000-11000/mm³. Therefore, there is no immediate concern regarding infection or hematological disorder. Choice A is incorrect because a normal WBC count does not indicate infection. Choice B is incorrect as the count is within the normal range, not indicating increased infection risk. Choice C is incorrect as a normal WBC count does not suggest a hematological disorder.
The commonest cause of jaundice in thalassemia is:
- A. viral hepatitis c
- B. iron deposition in liver
- C. viral hepatitis B
- D. haemolysis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: haemolysis. In thalassemia, there is an abnormality in hemoglobin production leading to the destruction of red blood cells, causing hemolysis. This results in the release of bilirubin, leading to jaundice. Iron deposition in the liver (choice B) is seen in conditions like hemochromatosis, not thalassemia. Viral hepatitis B and C (choices A and C) can cause jaundice, but they are not the commonest cause in thalassemia patients, as hemolysis is the primary mechanism in this population.
A nurse is caring for a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma at the oncology clinic. The nurse should be aware of what main goal of care?
- A. Cure of the disease
- B. Enhancing quality of life
- C. Controlling symptoms
- D. Palliation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cure of the disease. The main goal of care for a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma is to achieve a cure whenever possible. This is because Hodgkin lymphoma is a potentially curable cancer with appropriate treatment. Achieving a cure means eradicating the cancer cells completely and preventing its recurrence in the future. This is the most desirable outcome for the patient's long-term health and well-being.
Incorrect choices:
B: Enhancing quality of life - While improving the patient's quality of life is important, the primary goal in treating Hodgkin lymphoma is to cure the disease.
C: Controlling symptoms - Symptom management is important in providing comfort to the patient, but the main goal is to cure the disease.
D: Palliation - Palliative care focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with advanced or incurable diseases. For Hodgkin lymphoma, the main goal is to aim for a cure rather than palliation.
You are seeing a 12-year-old boy in the survivorship program who presented at 2 years old with a desmoplastic nodular medulloblastoma. You note the child recently underwent germline genetic testing and was found to have nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. In which gene is the child most likely to have a pathogenic variant?
- A. PTEN
- B. CDKN2A
- C. SUFU
- D. SMARCB1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is also known as Gorlin syndrome, caused by mutations in SUFU.
2. SUFU gene regulates the Hedgehog signaling pathway, implicated in medulloblastoma development.
3. Desmoplastic nodular medulloblastoma is commonly seen in Gorlin syndrome.
4. PTEN is associated with Cowden syndrome, CDKN2A with melanoma, and SMARCB1 with rhabdoid tumors, not typically seen in Gorlin syndrome.