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Which of the following neurochemical influences is a probable cause of substance abuse?
- A. Imbalances of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain
- B. Inhibition of GABA in the brain
- C. Excessive serotonin activity in the CNS
- D. Stimulation of dopamine pathways in the brain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stimulating dopamine pathways in the limbic system produces reinforcing pleasurable effects, driving substance abuse, unlike serotonin, norepinephrine, or GABA imbalances.
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The nurse is talking with the friend of a client with alcoholism. The friend tells the nurse that his relationship with the client was codependent and enabling. Which is an example of codependent behavior?
- A. The friend called Alcoholics Anonymous when the client expressed a need to stop drinking.
- B. The friend called the client every night to make sure he got home safely and went looking for him if he was not at home.
- C. The friend confronted the client on the effect of his drinking on their relationship.
- D. The friend refused to go out drinking with the client to celebrate the client's birthday.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calling nightly and searching for the client enables drinking by reducing consequences, unlike seeking help, confronting, or refusing to drink, which are not codependent.
A nurse is working with a couple seeking counseling for marital discord. The history indicates the husband was treated for substance abuse 4 years ago and attends AA meetings occasionally. Which statement made by the recovering husband should alert the nurse for the need for further education?
- A. I still need to go to AA meetings even though I have been sober for years.
- B. After all these years, I just don't have the will power to stop if I started using again.
- C. She gets upset when I hang out with my old buddies on the weekends.
- D. I wish I could be able to handle just one beer with dinner.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Wishing to drink socially indicates a misconception about addiction, risking relapse, unlike recognizing the need for AA or avoiding old friends.
Which of the following groups could benefit most from prevention programs?
- A. Children, prior to first use
- B. Adults who have already engaged in substance abuse
- C. Older adults
- D. Infants
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Children before first use benefit most from prevention due to their impressionability and lack of addiction, unlike adults, older adults, or infants.
Which reasons make it necessary for the nurse to examine his or her beliefs and attitudes about substance abuse?
- A. The nurse may be overly harsh and critical of the client.
- B. The nurse may unknowingly act out old family roles and engage in enabling behavior.
- C. The nurse or close friends and family of the nurse may abuse substances.
- D. The nurse may have different attitudes about various substances of abuse.
- E. The nurse is not likely to have had any experience with substance abuse.
Correct Answer: A,B,C,D
Rationale: Examining beliefs prevents harshness, enabling, or bias from personal or familial substance abuse experiences, as nurses are likely affected given its prevalence.
Which characteristic of the 12-step program distinguishes it from other programs?
- A. The philosophy that it is possible to reduce the use of substances without abstaining.
- B. It is a self-help group that does not necessarily use health professionals as leaders.
- C. Persons who use this program are independent in their sobriety.
- D. Infrequent attendance is usually successful.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The 12-step program is distinguished by its self-help model, led by peers rather than professionals, emphasizing abstinence and regular attendance.