Nokea
Which of the following options identifies the products of cell respiration?
- A. Water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
- B. Glucose and oxygen
- C. Water, carbon dioxide, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- D. Water, glucose, and oxygen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Water, carbon dioxide, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).' During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide, and ATP. Choice A is incorrect as oxygen is not a product of cell respiration but a reactant. Choice B is incorrect as it lists glucose and oxygen, which are actually reactants in the process. Choice D is incorrect as glucose is not a product of cell respiration but a substrate that is broken down to release energy.
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Which of the following statements is true if a molecule exhibits adhesion?
- A. Two molecules of the same substance have the ability to stay bonded to one another
- B. The molecule has the ability to bond to or attract other molecules
- C. A molecule has the ability to increase its heat when necessary
- D. The molecule has the ability to form hydrogen bonds
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct statement is that if a molecule exhibits adhesion, it has the ability to bond to or attract other molecules. Adhesion refers to the ability of a molecule to bind to or attract different types of molecules. Choice A is incorrect because adhesion is about bonding to different molecules, not the same substance. Choice C is incorrect as adhesion does not relate to the ability of a molecule to increase its heat. Choice D is incorrect because forming hydrogen bonds is a specific type of interaction and not a general characteristic of molecules exhibiting adhesion.
Which of the following terms is used to represent two alleles that are the same type?
- A. Homosynchronous
- B. Hypersynchronous
- C. Heterozygous
- D. Homozygous
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Homozygous.' Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a particular gene. In this context, 'Homosynchronous' (choice A) is not a recognized genetic term. 'Hypersynchronous' (choice B) is not a term used in genetics. 'Heterozygous' (choice C) refers to having two different alleles for a particular gene, which is the opposite of homozygous.
In which step of cellular respiration is the most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) created?
- A. Electron transport chain
- B. Glycolysis
- C. Citric acid cycle (the Krebs cycle)
- D. All of these produce equal amounts of ATP
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The electron transport chain is the step in cellular respiration that generates the most ATP. During this step, up to 34 ATP molecules can be produced from a single glucose molecule. Choice B, Glycolysis, produces a smaller amount of ATP (2 ATP molecules per glucose), and choice C, Citric acid cycle, produces some ATP but not as much as the electron transport chain. Choice D is incorrect because different steps of cellular respiration produce varying amounts of ATP, with the electron transport chain being the most efficient in ATP generation.
Prophase is the first stage of mitosis. Which of the following best describes chromosomes during this stage?
- A. They are gathered on either side of the separating cell
- B. They are all aligned along the metaphase plate
- C. They are attached to the spindle
- D. They are visibly separate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible as distinct structures under a microscope. Choice A is incorrect as chromosomes are not gathered on either side of the separating cell during prophase. Choice B is incorrect because chromosomes align along the metaphase plate during the subsequent stage, metaphase. Choice C is incorrect as chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers during prometaphase, the stage following prophase.
In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced from:
- A. 46 to 23
- B. 46 to 33
- C. 28 to 14
- D. 24 to 12
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: "46 to 23." In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced by half to form gametes for sexual reproduction. In humans, where the diploid chromosome number is 46, meiosis results in haploid cells with 23 chromosomes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not represent the correct reduction in chromosome number during meiosis.