Nokea
Which of the following patients is most appropriate for the nurse to refer to hospice palliative care?
- A. A 60-year-old with lymphoma whose children are unable to discuss issues related to dying
- B. A 72-year-old with persistent severe pain as a result of spinal arthritis and vertebral collapse
- C. A 28-year-old with AIDS-related dementia who needs palliative care and pain management
- D. A 56-year-old with advanced liver failure whose family members can no longer care for him or her at home
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hospice is designed to provide palliative care such as symptom management and pain control for patients at the end of life. Patients who require more care than the family can provide, whose families are unable to discuss important issues related to dying, or who have severe pain are candidates for other nursing services but are not appropriate hospice patients.
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The nurse is caring for a terminally ill patient who has 20-second periods of apnea followed by periods of deep and rapid breathing. Which of the following terms should the nurse use to document this finding?
- A. Agonal breathing
- B. Apneustic breathing
- C. Death rattle respirations
- D. Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by periods of apnea alternating with deep and rapid breaths. The 'death rattle' is caused by accumulation of mucus in the airways, causing wet-sounding respirations. Agonal breathing has a very slow and irregular rate and rhythm. Apneustic respirations are irregular and gasping.
The nurse is caring for a young adult who is dying after an automobile accident. The family members want to donate the patient's organs and ask the nurse how the decision when death has occurred is made. Which of the following is the basis for the nurses' response to the family in this situation?
- A. The patient is flaccid and unresponsive.
- B. The patient is experiencing respiratory acidosis and is on a ventilator.
- C. The patient is unconscious with no brain stem activity.
- D. Respiratory efforts cease and no apical pulse is audible.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Death is the permanent loss of capacity for consciousness and all brain stem functions. This may result from permanent cessation of circulation or catastrophic brain injury. In the context of death determination, permanent refers to loss of function that cannot resume spontaneously and will not be restored through intervention. The other descriptions describe other clinical manifestations associated with death but are insufficient to declare a patient brain dead.
The nurse is caring for a patient with lung cancer as part of a home hospice palliative program. Which of the following interventions should the nurse implement?
- A. Discuss cancer risk factors and appropriate lifestyle modifications.
- B. Encourage the patient to discuss past life events and their meaning.
- C. Accomplish a thorough head-to-toe assessment once a week.
- D. Educate the patient about the purpose of chemotherapy and radiation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The role of the hospice palliative nurse includes assisting the patient with the important end-of-life task of finding meaning in the patient's life. Frequent head-to-toe assessments are not needed for hospice patients and may tire the patient unnecessarily. Patients admitted to hospice forego curative treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation for lung cancer; discussion of cancer risk factors and therapies is not appropriate.
A patient who is in the clinic for an immunization tells the nurse, 'My mother died 4 months ago, and I just can't seem to get over it. I'm not sure it is normal to still think about her every day.' Which of the following nursing diagnoses is most appropriate?
- A. Ineffective role performance related to depression
- B. Complicated grieving related to emotional disturbance (death of loved one)
- C. Anxiety related to unmet needs (lack of knowledge about normal grieving)
- D. Impaired mood regulation related to loneliness
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient should be reassured that grieving activities such as frequent thoughts about the deceased are considered normal for months or years after a death. The other nursing diagnoses imply that the patient's grief is unusual or pathological, which is not the case.
The nurse is providing hospice care to a patient who is manifesting a decrease in all body system functions except for a heart rate of 124 and a respiratory rate of 28. Which of the following is the basis for the nurses' response about these symptoms?
- A. They will continue to increase until death finally occurs.
- B. They are a normal response before these functions decrease.
- C. They indicate a reflex response to the slowing of other body systems.
- D. They may be associated with an improvement in the patient's condition.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An increase in heart and respiratory rate may occur before the slowing of these functions in the dying patient. Heart and respiratory rate typically slow as the patient progresses further toward death. In a dying patient, high respiratory and pulse rates do not indicate improvement, and it would be inappropriate for the nurse to indicate this to the family. The changes in pulse and respirations are not reflex responses.