Nokea
Which of the following proteins is present in blood plasma?
- A. Fibrinogen
- B. Lymphocytes
- C. Monocytes
- D. Platelets
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is a vital protein present in blood plasma that plays a key role in blood clotting. Lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets are different types of blood cells and not proteins found in blood plasma. Understanding the components of blood plasma, such as fibrinogen, is essential for comprehending its functions in various physiological processes, particularly in clot formation.
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Which process involves the maturation and release of a representative egg from an ovarian follicle?
- A. Oogenesis
- B. Fertilization
- C. Ovulation
- D. Menstruation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ovulation is the process where a mature ovarian follicle releases an egg. This egg is the female gamete awaiting fertilization in the fallopian tube. Oogenesis refers to the complete process of egg cell development, fertilization is the merging of egg and sperm, and menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining in the absence of pregnancy.
What type of tissue largely makes up the pharynx?
- A. Bone
- B. Muscle
- C. Nervous
- D. Cartilage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The pharynx is mostly composed of muscle tissue, which enables it to carry out functions like swallowing and breathing. Muscles in the pharynx contract to propel food into the esophagus during swallowing and aid in vocalization and respiration.
In a study, two processes, process A and process B, were found to be correlated. Which of the following statements is true regarding these processes?
- A. The study cannot determine if processes A and B have a negative relationship.
- B. The study suggests that process A causes process B.
- C. The study cannot determine if processes A and B have a positive relationship.
- D. The study does not establish a causal relationship between process A and process B.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When two processes are correlated, it means changes in one process are linked to changes in the other. However, correlation does not imply causation. Therefore, the study does not establish a causal relationship between process A and process B solely based on correlation. Correlation does not provide information on the direction or cause of the relationship between the processes. It only indicates that the processes vary together in a predictable manner. Hence, option D is correct as the study cannot infer causation from correlation alone.
Which class of biological molecules includes enzymes?
- A. Carbohydrates
- B. Vitamins
- C. Lipids
- D. Proteins
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Enzymes are proteins that serve as biological catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions in living organisms. Proteins, a class of biological molecules crucial for the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs, include enzymes. While carbohydrates, vitamins, and lipids are essential biomolecules, they do not encompass enzymes. Therefore, the correct answer is Proteins (Choice D).
What causes osteoporosis?
- A. An increase in osteocyte activity while osteoclast activity continues at expected levels
- B. A decline in osteoblast activity while osteoclast activity continues at expected levels
- C. An increase in osteocyte activity while osteoblast activity continues at expected levels
- D. A decline in osteoclast activity while osteoblast activity continues at expected levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by reduced bone density and mass, leading to brittle bones. Osteoblasts are cells responsible for forming new bone tissue, while osteoclasts break down old or damaged bone. In osteoporosis, there is a decrease in osteoblast activity, causing a net loss of bone as the breakdown surpasses formation. Meanwhile, osteoclast activity remains relatively stable. This imbalance between bone formation (osteoblast activity) and bone resorption (osteoclast activity) contributes to the development of osteoporosis by reducing bone strength and increasing susceptibility to fractures.