Nokea
Which of the following signs indicates to the nurse that digoxin (Lanoxin) has been effective for a patient?
- A. Urine output decreases
- B. Heart rate higher than 95
- C. Urine output increases
- D. Heart rate lower than 50
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Digoxin is a medication commonly used to treat heart failure and certain types of irregular heart rhythms. One of the therapeutic effects of digoxin is an improvement in cardiac output, leading to better tissue perfusion. As the heart's pumping ability improves, blood flow to the kidneys also increases, resulting in an increase in urine output. Therefore, an increase in urine output is a positive indication that digoxin is effective for the patient. Monitoring urine output can be a valuable way for nurses to assess the response to digoxin therapy and the overall cardiac function of the patient.
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A 6-year-old male child presented with a cerebellar mass; after undergoing complete surgical resection of the mass, the histology of the mass reveals pilocytic astrocytoma. Of the following, the MOST appropriate next step in the management is
- A. radiotherapy
- B. chemotherapy
- C. observation
- D. concomitant chemo-radiotherapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pilocytic astrocytomas are generally low-grade tumors, and observation is often sufficient after complete resection.
The client is being evaluated for hypothyroidism. During assessment, the nurse should stay alert for:
- A. exophthalmos and conjunctival redness
- B. flushed, warm, moist skin
- C. systolic murmur at the left sternal border
- D. decreased body temperature and cold intolerance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct assessment findings to stay alert for when evaluating for hypothyroidism are decreased body temperature and cold intolerance. Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland, leading to a decrease in metabolic rate. This can result in symptoms such as feeling cold all the time and a lower body temperature. Therefore, the nurse should keep an eye out for these symptoms during the assessment of a client being evaluated for hypothyroidism. Symptoms such as exophthalmos and conjunctival redness are more commonly associated with hyperthyroidism.
When planning the education for the parents of a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus, which of the following should the nurse include?
- A. Restrict the activity of the child
- B. Rotate insulin injection sites
- C. Avoid letting the child perform the home testing of blood sugar
- D. Encourage a high-carbohydrate diet
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When planning education for the parents of a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the nurse should include rotating insulin injection sites. This is important to prevent lipohypertrophy, which is the buildup of fat under the skin, and to ensure consistent absorption of insulin. Rotating injection sites helps to maintain healthy tissue and promotes better insulin effectiveness in managing blood sugar levels. It is a key component of proper diabetes care and helps to reduce the risk of complications associated with continuous injection in the same area.
Which of the following is the most common permanent disability in childhood?
- A. Scoliosis
- B. Muscular dystrophy
- C. Cerebral palsy
- D. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cerebral palsy is the most common permanent disability in childhood among the options provided. It is a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle coordination due to damage or abnormal development in the brain. Cerebral palsy can occur before, during, or shortly after birth, and it is a lifelong condition that impacts a child's ability to move, maintain balance, and posture. Scoliosis, muscular dystrophy, and developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) are also significant conditions that can lead to disabilities in children, but they are not as prevalent as cerebral palsy in terms of permanent disabilities in childhood.
The nurse is teaching the client about risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Which of the following risk factors for diabetes mellitus is nonmodifiable?
- A. Poor control of blood glucose levels
- B. Current of recent foot trauma
- C. Inappropriate foot care
- D. Advanced age
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Advanced age is a nonmodifiable risk factor for diabetes mellitus. Nonmodifiable risk factors are characteristics or traits that cannot be changed or controlled. In this case, a person's age is a factor that continuously increases as time passes and cannot be altered. Other nonmodifiable risk factors for diabetes mellitus include family history of diabetes and certain ethnic backgrounds. On the other hand, poor control of blood glucose levels, current or recent foot trauma, and inappropriate foot care are examples of modifiable risk factors that can be managed through lifestyle changes and proper medical care.