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Which of the following statements about brain dysfunction and psychiatric disorders is correct?
- A. Identifiable brain damage is often the cause of psychiatric disorders.
- B. Brain damage may decrease the risk of developing a psychiatric condition.
- C. Changes in brain function appear to play a role in many psychiatric disorders.
- D. Brain development can be altered by experience, always leading to changes in the brain that decrease the risk of developing a psychiatric condition.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct statement is C: 'Changes in brain function appear to play a role in many psychiatric disorders.' This statement is accurate as research suggests that alterations in brain function are associated with various psychiatric disorders. Option A is incorrect because while brain damage can contribute to some psychiatric conditions, it is not always the primary cause. Option B is incorrect as brain damage typically increases the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. Option D is incorrect because while brain development can be influenced by experiences, it does not always decrease the risk of psychiatric conditions.
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Which of the following psychodynamic elements of the personality can be described as impulsive and selfish?
- A. Ego
- B. Id
- C. Superego
- D. Ideal self
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Id. In psychodynamic theory, the Id is the component driven by basic, primal instincts, seeking instant gratification without consideration for consequences. It operates on the pleasure principle, aiming to fulfill desires immediately. The Superego, on the other hand, represents the internalized moral standards and ideals, while the Ego mediates between the Id and Superego, balancing impulses with societal norms. The 'Ideal self' is a concept from humanistic psychology related to one's aspirations and goals, not a component in psychodynamic theory. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect.
What is extinction and how might it be used in treating a disorder?
- A. Extinction strengthens the conditioned response by continuously pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.
- B. Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
- C. Extinction is ineffective and is not used in treating disorders.
- D. Extinction is the process of intensifying the conditioned response by pairing the conditioned stimulus with a stronger unconditioned stimulus.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. This helps in reducing or eliminating undesired behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because extinction does not strengthen the conditioned response but weakens it. Choice C is also incorrect as extinction is a valid technique used in treating disorders by reducing unwanted behaviors. Choice D is incorrect as extinction does not involve intensifying the conditioned response but rather diminishing it.
Dr. Fox studies the causes of depression. In other words, she looks at factors that play a role in the ________ of depression.
- A. etiology
- B. epidemiology
- C. prevalence
- D. resiliency
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, 'etiology.' Etiology specifically deals with the causes or origins of diseases like depression. Choice B, 'epidemiology,' focuses on the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. Choice C, 'prevalence,' refers to the proportion of a population found to have a condition. Choice D, 'resiliency,' relates to the ability to recover from or adjust to challenges.
One of Freud's major contributions to current perspectives of mental disorders is ________.
- A. the concept of the Oedipal complex.
- B. the concept of the unconscious and how it can affect behavior.
- C. the concept of the Electra complex.
- D. the understanding of the three structures of personality.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Freud's major contribution to current perspectives of mental disorders is the concept of the unconscious and its influence on behavior. While the Oedipal complex (Choice A) and Electra complex (Choice C) are important psychoanalytic concepts introduced by Freud, they are more focused on childhood psychosexual development rather than mental disorders. The understanding of the three structures of personality (Choice D) refers to Freud's id, ego, and superego model, which is essential in psychoanalytic theory but not specifically related to mental disorders.
Defense mechanisms ________.
- A. make a person feel more anxious and have more problems, as they begin to act defensively.
- B. are strategies the id uses to try to achieve its desires.
- C. are conscious, intentional attempts to cope effectively with an anxiety-producing event.
- D. help a person feel less anxious, but because they usually work by distorting reality, they are not always adaptive.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because defense mechanisms aim to reduce anxiety but can lead to distortion of reality, making them not always beneficial. Choice A is incorrect as defense mechanisms are meant to reduce anxiety, not increase it. Choice B is incorrect because defense mechanisms are not strategies of the id specifically. Choice C is incorrect as defense mechanisms are often unconscious and not always intentional.