Basic Principles of Pharmacology Quizlet

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Which of the following statements about the major distribution barriers (blood-brain or fetal-placental) is true?

  • A. Water soluble and ionized drugs cross these barriers rapidly
  • B. The blood-brain barrier slows the entry of many drugs into and from brain cells
  • C. The fetal-placental barrier protects the fetus from drugs taken by the mother
  • D. Lipid soluble drugs do not pass these barriers and are safe for pregnant women
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the blood-brain barrier is designed to restrict the passage of many drugs into and out of brain cells, regulating the entry of substances to protect the brain from harmful agents.

Explanation:
1. The blood-brain barrier is a specialized structure that tightly regulates the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the brain.
2. Many drugs, especially water-soluble and ionized ones (choice A), face difficulty crossing this barrier due to their properties.
3. The fetal-placental barrier (choice C) primarily protects the fetus from harmful substances but does not slow drug entry into brain cells.
4. Lipid-soluble drugs (choice D) can actually pass through these barriers easily due to their chemical properties, posing risks for pregnant women.

In summary, choice B is correct as it accurately describes the role of the blood-brain barrier in controlling drug entry into brain cells, while the other choices present inaccurate statements regarding these distribution barriers.

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A client is experiencing a cough associated with an upper respiratory infection. Which oral medication will likely produce the quickest therapeutic effect?

  • A. A tablet
  • B. A liquid
  • C. A topical spray
  • D. A time
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: A liquid.
- Liquids are absorbed more quickly than tablets, providing quicker therapeutic effect.
- Liquids have a faster onset of action due to their immediate absorption in the body.
- The client experiencing a cough would benefit from the rapid relief offered by a liquid medication.
- Tablets, topical sprays, and time would not offer the same quick therapeutic effect as a liquid due to differences in absorption rates.

The nurse is meeting with a community group about medication safety. The nurse must emphasize that patients at high risk for drug interactions include which groups? (Select all that apply.)

  • A. Older patients
  • B. Patients with chronic health conditions
  • C. Patients taking three or more drugs
  • D. Patients dealing with only one pharmacy
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A (Older patients) because elderly individuals tend to have multiple comorbidities and are more likely to be prescribed multiple medications, increasing the risk of drug interactions. Older patients also tend to have age-related physiological changes that can affect drug metabolism.

Choice B (Patients with chronic health conditions) is not necessarily always at high risk for drug interactions, as it depends on the specific medications they are taking and their individual health status.

Choice C (Patients taking three or more drugs) is not always a high-risk group, as drug interactions can occur even with fewer medications based on the specific drugs being taken and individual patient factors.

Choice D (Patients dealing with only one pharmacy) is not directly related to the risk of drug interactions, as the number of pharmacies used by a patient does not necessarily correlate with the risk of drug interactions.

Which of the following adverse drug reactions best explains the patient's disorder?

  • A. Overdose toxicity
  • B. Anaphylactoid reaction
  • C. Idiosyncratic reaction
  • D. Autoimmune reaction
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The adverse drug reaction that best explains the patient's disorder is an idiosyncratic reaction. Idiosyncratic reactions are unpredictable and occur rarely in response to a drug. In this case, the baby's presentation of microcephaly, broad nasal bridge, short nose, cleft palate, and hypoplasia of the distal phalanges are consistent with a teratogenic effect of a drug taken by the mother during pregnancy. The use of phenytoin for seizures during pregnancy is known to be associated with such birth defects, indicating an idiosyncratic reaction.

Which of the following terms best defines a beta-blocker that binds reversibly to beta receptors?

  • A. Partial agonist
  • B. Functional antagonist
  • C. Inverse agonist
  • D. Noncompetitive antagonist
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A noncompetitive antagonist best defines a beta-blocker that binds reversibly to beta receptors because it binds to a site on the receptor that is not the same as the agonist binding site, thereby preventing the receptor from being activated by the agonist. This type of antagonist does not compete with the agonist for binding to the receptor, making it an effective blocker of receptor activation. In this case, the drug had no intrinsic activity and only bound reversibly to beta receptors, indicating its role as a noncompetitive antagonist.

The nurse is explaining drug action to a nursing student. Which statement made by the nurse is correct?

  • A. Water-soluble and ionized drugs are quickly absorbed
  • B. A drug not bound to protein is an active drug.
  • C. Most receptors are found under the cell membran
  • D. Toxic effects can result if the trough level is low.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: B: A drug not bound to protein is an active drug.
Rationale: Protein-bound drugs are inactive as they cannot reach target sites. When unbound, drugs can exert pharmacological effects. This is known as the free drug hypothesis. The statement correctly highlights the importance of drug binding to proteins in affecting drug action.
Summary:
A: Water-soluble and ionized drugs are slow to be absorbed due to their inability to cross membranes easily.
C: Receptors are found on the cell membrane, not under it. This statement is inaccurate.
D: Toxic effects are more likely to occur with high trough levels, not low levels.