Which of the following statements correctly describe the peritoneum?
- A. The largest serous membrane
- B. A serous membrane
- C. The largest synovial membrane
- D. A mucous membrane
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the peritoneum is indeed the largest serous membrane in the body. It lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it, providing lubrication and reducing friction. Choice B is incorrect because the peritoneum is a serous membrane, not a synovial membrane (Choice C) or a mucous membrane (Choice D). The peritoneum does not secrete synovial fluid like synovial membranes or produce mucus like mucous membranes. Hence, Choice A is the only statement that accurately describes the peritoneum.
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The receptor for a peptide hormone ___________.
- A. sits in the cell’s outer membrane and binds to a hydrophobic hormone
- B. sits in the cell’s outer membrane and binds to a hydrophilic hormone
- C. sits inside the cell and binds to a hydrophobic hormone
- D. sits inside the cell and binds to a hydrophilic hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because peptide hormones are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the cell membrane. Therefore, their receptors must be located on the cell's outer membrane to bind and trigger intracellular signaling pathways. Option A is incorrect because hydrophobic hormones can directly pass through the cell membrane, so their receptors are typically inside the cell. Option C is incorrect because hydrophobic hormones do not require a receptor on the cell's outer membrane. Option D is incorrect because hydrophilic hormones, like peptide hormones, require receptors on the cell's outer membrane.
Which gland is associated with “sugar, salt, and sex�
- A. Adrenal cortex
- B. Pancreas
- C. Parathyroid gland
- D. Neurohypophysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is associated with producing hormones related to sugar (glucocorticoids), salt (mineralocorticoids), and sex (androgens). Glucocorticoids regulate glucose metabolism, mineralocorticoids regulate salt balance, and androgens are sex hormones. The pancreas primarily regulates blood sugar levels. The parathyroid gland is responsible for calcium and phosphorus balance, not sugar, salt, and sex. The neurohypophysis is part of the pituitary gland and mainly regulates water balance and blood pressure, not specifically sugar, salt, and sex.
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________.
- A. entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
- B. exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism
- C. causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure
- D. acting to decrease basal metabolic rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because thyroid hormone is a lipid-soluble hormone that can diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors within the nuclei. This binding activates gene transcription, leading to various metabolic effects. Choice B is incorrect because thyroid hormone actually has a significant impact on body metabolism. Choice C is incorrect as thyroid hormone does not directly affect blood vessel adrenergic receptors or blood pressure. Choice D is incorrect as thyroid hormone actually acts to increase basal metabolic rate, not decrease it.
The patient with diabetes insipidus is brought to the emergency department with confusion and dehydration after excretion of a large volume of urine today even though several liters of fluid were drunk. What is a diagnostic test that the nurse should expect to be done to help make a diagnosis?
- A. Blood glucose
- B. Serum sodium level
- C. Urine specific gravity
- D. Computed tomography (CT) of the head
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Urine specific gravity is typically low in diabetes insipidus due to excessive urine output and inability to concentrate urine.
Regarding thyroid hormones:
- A. little T3 is produced peripherally by deiodination T4
- B. albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones than TBG
- C. TBG has less affinity for thyroid hormone than albumin
- D. thyroid hormones stimulate lipogenesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Albumin binds more thyroid hormones than TBG due to its higher concentration in the blood.
Step 2: TBG has higher affinity for thyroid hormones than albumin, leading to less free hormone.
Step 3: Hence, choice B is correct as albumin has more capacity to bind thyroid hormones.
Summary: Choice A is incorrect as significant T3 is produced peripherally. Choice C is incorrect as TBG has higher affinity. Choice D is incorrect as thyroid hormones stimulate lipolysis, not lipogenesis.