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Which of the following statements describes Piaget's stage of concrete operations?
- A. Reflex activity proceeds to imitative behavior.
- B. The ability to see another's point of view increases.
- C. Thought processes become more logical and coherent.
- D. The ability to think abstractly leads to logical conclusion.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Piaget's concrete operations stage (ages 7-11) is characterized by logical and coherent thought processes, enabling problem-solving with concrete objects.
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The nurse is caring for a client who is having surgery the next morning. The client says, 'I'm really scared about surgery. I've never been put to sleep before and I'm afraid I might not wake up.' Which response by the nurse is the most therapeutic?
- A. Why are you worried about such a minor procedure?
- B. We can call the doctor and cancel the surgery if you would prefer.
- C. It's normal to be afraid of something new like surgery. Tell me how you feel.
- D. Don't worry, you have a really good doctor and he will see to it that nothing goes wrong.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acknowledging fear as normal and inviting the client to express feelings is therapeutic, fostering trust and emotional support.
A client has been hospitalized with a diagnosis of laryngeal cancer. Which factor is most significant in the development of laryngeal cancer?
- A. A family history of laryngeal cancer
- B. Chronic inhalation of noxious fumes
- C. Frequent straining of the vocal cords
- D. A history of frequent alcohol and tobacco use
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Frequent alcohol and tobacco use is the most significant risk factor for laryngeal cancer due to chronic irritation and carcinogenic effects on laryngeal tissues.
The client with a recent liver transplant asks the nurse how long he will have to take an immunosuppressant. Which response would be correct?
- A. 1 year
- B. 5 years
- C. 10 years
- D. The rest of his life
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lifelong immunosuppression is required post-transplant to prevent organ rejection.
A client is complaining of chest pain. Nursing assessment reveals a BP of 78/40, shortness of breath, and third-degree AV block on the heart monitor. What medication would the nurse prepare for initial administration?
- A. Atropine
- B. Verapamil (Calan)
- C. Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
- D. Procainamide (Pronestyl)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Third-degree AV block with hypotension (BP 78/40) requires atropine to increase heart rate by blocking vagal activity, improving cardiac output.
A client with cancer is to undergo a bone scan. The nurse should:
- A. Force fluids 24 hours before the procedure
- B. Ask the client to void immediately before the study
- C. Hold medication that affects the central nervous system for 12 hours pre- and post-test
- D. Cover the client's reproductive organs with an x-ray shield
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Voiding immediately before a bone scan ensures the bladder is empty, reducing interference with pelvic imaging and improving the accuracy of the scan.