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Which of the following statements illustrates the biomedical model of Western traditional views?
- A. Health is viewed as the absence of disease.
- B. Optimal health is viewed as high-level wellness.
- C. Health and disease are considered parts of a cyclical process.
- D. The treatment of disease is nursing's primary focus.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the biomedical model focuses on defining health as the absence of disease. This model emphasizes biological factors in understanding and treating illnesses. It is reductionist in nature, viewing health issues as purely physical and separate from social or psychological aspects. Choices B, C, and D do not align with the biomedical model. B emphasizes overall well-being, not just the absence of disease. C suggests a more holistic approach, while D implies a focus on nursing rather than the medical model's emphasis on disease treatment.
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Which technique should be used to assess a murmur in a patient's heart?
- A. The bell of the stethoscope
- B. The diaphragm of the stethoscope
- C. Palpation with the palm of the hand
- D. Ask another nurse to double-check the finding.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The diaphragm of the stethoscope. The diaphragm is used to assess heart murmurs as it allows for higher-frequency sounds to be heard more clearly. When assessing heart murmurs, using the diaphragm helps to differentiate between systolic and diastolic murmurs, as well as to identify specific characteristics such as intensity and location.
A: The bell of the stethoscope is used for low-frequency sounds and would not be ideal for assessing heart murmurs.
C: Palpation with the palm of the hand is used to assess pulses and vibrations, not heart murmurs.
D: Asking another nurse to double-check the finding is important for validation but does not directly relate to the technique used to assess a heart murmur.
A patient with diabetes is experiencing a hypoglycemic episode. Which of the following is the nurse's first priority in this situation?
- A. Administering insulin.
- B. Providing a source of fast-acting carbohydrate.
- C. Checking the patient's blood glucose level.
- D. Contacting the healthcare provider.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Providing a source of fast-acting carbohydrate. In a hypoglycemic episode, the priority is to raise the blood sugar quickly to prevent further complications. Fast-acting carbohydrates such as glucose tablets or orange juice can rapidly increase blood sugar levels. Administering insulin (choice A) can further lower blood sugar, checking blood glucose levels (choice C) may delay treatment, and contacting the healthcare provider (choice D) is not necessary in the immediate management of hypoglycemia.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of ethnicity?
- A. Ethnicity is dynamic and ever changing because of political forces.
- B. Ethnicity refers to a group that shares heritage, culture, language, or religion.
- C. Ethnicity refers to the belief in a higher power or being.
- D. Ethnicity is a learned behaviour that includes language and socialization.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because ethnicity is defined by shared heritage, culture, language, or religion. This definition encompasses the key components that make up an individual's ethnic identity. Choice A is incorrect because while political forces may influence ethnicity, it does not define the concept itself. Choice C is incorrect as ethnicity is not necessarily related to belief in a higher power. Choice D is incorrect as ethnicity is not solely a learned behavior but also includes innate aspects like heritage.
Expert nurses learn to attend to a pattern of assessment data and act without consciously labelling it. This is referred to as:
- A. intuition.
- B. the nursing process.
- C. clinical knowledge.
- D. diagnostic reasoning.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: intuition. Expert nurses develop intuition through years of experience, allowing them to recognize patterns in assessment data and act quickly without conscious labeling. This intuitive response is based on a deep understanding of situations and is often more efficient than consciously going through the nursing process. Clinical knowledge (C) is important but refers to theoretical understanding. The nursing process (B) involves systematic steps in patient care, not the automatic response seen in intuition. Diagnostic reasoning (D) involves a more deliberate thought process in identifying and treating health issues.
A nurse is providing education to a patient with hypertension. Which of the following statements by the patient indicates the need for further education?
- A. I will limit my sodium intake.
- B. I will monitor my blood pressure regularly.
- C. I can stop taking my medication once my blood pressure is normal.
- D. I will exercise regularly to improve my health.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. This statement indicates a misunderstanding because stopping medication once blood pressure is normal can lead to a relapse of hypertension. Step 1: Medication management is crucial for long-term control of hypertension. Step 2: Stopping medication abruptly can cause blood pressure to rise again. Step 3: Regular monitoring, limiting sodium intake, and exercising are all important aspects of hypertension management. Summary: Choices A, B, and D demonstrate good understanding of hypertension management, while choice C shows a need for further education on the importance of continued medication use.