Nokea
Which of the following statements is true with respect to adrenal tumors that produce gender symptoms?
- A. Feminizing adrenal tumors are almost always carcinomas
- B. Feminizing adrenal tumors are the most common type of adrenal tumor
- C. Virilizing tumors in women are most often localized to the adrenal cortex
- D. Virilizing adrenal tumors are more likely to be malignant in children
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Feminizing adrenal tumors are not always carcinomas, so A is incorrect.
Step 2: Virilizing tumors in women can originate from adrenal or extra-adrenal sites, so C is incorrect.
Step 3: Virilizing adrenal tumors are usually benign, especially in children, so D is incorrect.
Step 4: B is correct as feminizing adrenal tumors are rare but are the most common type of adrenal tumor causing gender symptoms.
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In myelodysplastic syndromes, the primary indications for splenectomy include
- A. Major hemolysis unresponsive to medical management
- B. Severe symptoms of massive splenomegaly
- C. Sustained leukocyte elevation above 30,000 cells/µL
- D. Portal hypertension
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. In myelodysplastic syndromes, splenectomy is indicated for sustained leukocyte elevation above 30,000 cells/µL to manage symptomatic splenomegaly and cytopenias. This is because an enlarged spleen can sequester and destroy blood cells, leading to low blood cell counts. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as splenectomy is not typically indicated for major hemolysis unresponsive to medical management, severe symptoms of massive splenomegaly, or portal hypertension in the context of myelodysplastic syndromes.
The MAIN aim of encouraging plenty of fluids to a postnatal client with urinary tract trauma is to
- A. Keep client well hydrated
- B. Maintain proper fluid balance
- C. Facilitate proper healing
- D. Control growth of organisms
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Keep client well hydrated. Encouraging plenty of fluids helps prevent dehydration, maintain adequate urine output, and promote flushing of the urinary tract to prevent infections, all crucial for postnatal clients with urinary tract trauma. Proper hydration also supports overall health and aids in the healing process.
B: Maintain proper fluid balance - While important, the main aim is to keep the client well hydrated to support healing.
C: Facilitate proper healing - Proper hydration does facilitate healing, but the primary aim is to keep the client well hydrated.
D: Control growth of organisms - While hydration can help in preventing infections, the main aim is to keep the client well hydrated.
The recommended number of chest compressions for neonatal resuscitation is
- A. 60 compressions coordinated with 30 breaths per minute
- B. 3 compressions coordinated with 1 breath per minute
- C. 1 compression coordinated with 3 breaths per minute
- D. 90 compressions coordinated with 30 breaths per minute
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 60 compressions coordinated with 30 breaths per minute. In neonatal resuscitation, the recommended compression-to-ventilation ratio is 3:1. This means 3 compressions are given followed by 1 breath. With a target compression rate of 120 per minute, this translates to 60 compressions coordinated with 30 breaths per minute. Each compression should be at a depth of about one-third the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest. This ratio and rate are crucial for maintaining adequate circulation and oxygenation during neonatal resuscitation.
Choice B: 3 compressions coordinated with 1 breath per minute is too slow and would not provide enough support for the neonate's circulation.
Choice C: 1 compression coordinated with 3 breaths per minute would not provide sufficient compressions to maintain circulation.
Choice D: 90 compressions coordinated with 30 breaths per minute would result in an incorrect compression-to-vent
During induction of labor with syntocinon, drops increase is stopped prematurely on
- A. Achieving three moderate contractions
- B. Realizing normal maternal observations
- C. Achieving progressive cervical dilatation
- D. Observing normal fetal-related observations
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice C:
1. Progressive cervical dilatation indicates effective labor progress.
2. Stopping the syntocinon drops prematurely allows natural labor progression.
3. Prematurely stopping drops before reaching full dilation may hinder labor.
4. Achieving cervical dilatation is a crucial indicator for successful labor.
Summary:
A: Contractions should be strong, not just moderate.
B: Maternal observations alone do not determine labor progress.
D: Fetal-related observations are important but not the primary indicator for stopping drops.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment for cancer is given to facilitate surgical resection. When the outcomes of cancer therapies are evaluated, the terms complete response and partial response often are used. Partial response means that
- A. 50% of the patients treated with a given regimen demonstrate remission
- B. 50% of the patients treated survive to the 5-year point
- C. The tumor mass has reduced by > 50%
- D. In 50% of cases, the tumor converts from unresectable to resectable
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in the context of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, a partial response means converting an unresectable tumor to a resectable one. This is crucial as it allows for successful surgical removal of the tumor. Choices A, B, and C do not accurately define partial response in the context of cancer therapy. A, stating 50% of patients demonstrating remission, is not specific to the change in resectability. B, mentioning 50% survival at 5 years, is more related to overall survival rather than the response to treatment. C, stating a reduction in tumor mass by >50%, does not necessarily imply a change in resectability status. Therefore, option D is the most appropriate definition of partial response in the given scenario.