Nokea
Which of the following structures has the lowest blood pressure?
- A. arteries
- B. arterioles
- C. venules
- D. veins
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Veins have the lowest blood pressure among the listed structures. This is because veins carry blood back to the heart at a slower rate compared to arteries, arterioles, and venules. The lower blood pressure in veins allows for the efficient return of blood to the heart despite the decreased pressure. Arteries have high blood pressure as they transport blood away from the heart at a rapid rate. Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries and contribute to resistance in the circulatory system, leading to a pressure drop. Venules are small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and gradually converge into veins, having slightly higher pressure than veins.
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for preventing water loss?
- A. The nervous system
- B. The integumentary system
- C. The lymphatic system
- D. The urinary system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The integumentary system. The integumentary system, which includes the skin, is primarily responsible for preventing water loss from the body. The skin acts as a barrier that helps regulate moisture and prevent excessive water loss through a process known as transepidermal water loss. The nervous system (choice A) is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body, the lymphatic system (choice C) is responsible for the immune response and fluid balance, and the urinary system (choice D) is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine, but they do not primarily prevent water loss like the integumentary system.
How does the integumentary system interact with the nervous system?
- A. The integumentary system removes heat from the neurons in the nervous system.
- B. The nervous system circulates nutrients outward to the integumentary system.
- C. Touch input via the integumentary system sends messages to the nervous system.
- D. Messages from the nervous system affect the color and texture of the skin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Touch input via the integumentary system sends messages to the nervous system. The integumentary system, comprising the skin, hair, and nails, functions as a sensory organ and a protective barrier against external threats. Specialized receptors in the skin detect stimuli like pressure, temperature, and pain, transmitting signals to the nervous system for interpretation. This communication enables the perception of touch and is vital for sensory processes, showcasing the interconnectedness between the integumentary and nervous systems. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the integumentary system primarily interacts with the nervous system through sensory input and communication of stimuli, rather than heat removal, nutrient circulation, or affecting skin color and texture based on nervous system messages.
What is the meaning of exocytosis?
- A. The cell engulfs and brings in substances.
- B. The cell releases content outside by fusing with the plasma membrane.
- C. The cell engulfs liquid material.
- D. The cell brings in solid particles.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Exocytosis is the process by which a cell releases substances to the outside by fusing with the plasma membrane. During exocytosis, vesicles containing molecules fuse with the cell membrane, allowing the release of the contents outside the cell. This process is crucial for the secretion of various substances such as hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they describe processes different from exocytosis. Choice A describes endocytosis, where the cell engulfs substances to bring them into the cell. Choice C is more aligned with pinocytosis, the process of engulfing liquid material. Choice D refers to phagocytosis, which is the uptake of solid particles by the cell.
What is the function of amylase?
- A. Breaking down starch
- B. Digesting fat
- C. Breaking down protein
- D. Absorbing water
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Breaking down starch. Amylase is an enzyme that specifically functions to break down starch into smaller sugar molecules such as maltose and glucose. This process is essential for the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because amylase does not digest fat, break down protein, or absorb water; its primary function lies in starch digestion.
A tissue examined under the microscope exhibits the following characteristics: cells found on the internal surface of the stomach, no extracellular matrix, cells tall and thin, no blood vessels in the tissue. What type of tissue is this?
- A. Epithelial
- B. Connective tissue
- C. Cartilage
- D. Nervous
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Epithelial.' Epithelial tissue is characterized by cells lining surfaces and cavities, such as the stomach. It does not contain blood vessels, and the cells are tall and thin. The absence of an extracellular matrix is typical of epithelial tissue, making it the most suitable choice in this scenario. Connective tissue, like cartilage and nervous tissue, have different characteristics that do not align with the description provided in the question.