Nokea
Which of the following types of fiber is not a carbohydrate?
- A. gums
- B. lignin
- C. pectin
- D. cellulose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lignin is the correct answer because it is a type of fiber that is not a carbohydrate and provides structure to plant cell walls. Gums (choice A), pectin (choice C), and cellulose (choice D) are all types of dietary fiber that are carbohydrates. Gums are a type of soluble fiber, pectin is found in fruits and is a soluble fiber, and cellulose is a type of insoluble fiber found in plant cell walls.
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Which mineral helps strengthen tooth enamel and prevent dental caries?
- A. Calcium
- B. Phosphorus
- C. Fluoride
- D. Zinc
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Fluoride. Fluoride is a mineral known for its ability to strengthen tooth enamel and prevent dental caries. While calcium (Choice A) is essential for strong bones and teeth, it is not specifically known for preventing dental caries. Phosphorus (Choice B) is crucial for bone health but is not directly associated with preventing dental caries. Zinc (Choice D) is not typically recognized for strengthening tooth enamel or preventing dental caries.
Fructose is the sugar found in:
- A. bread.
- B. gelatin desserts.
- C. sugar-coated cereals.
- D. honey and fruit.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fructose is a sugar naturally found in honey and fruit. While bread contains carbohydrates, it does not primarily consist of fructose. Gelatin desserts are more likely to contain added sugars like sucrose rather than fructose. Sugar-coated cereals typically contain sucrose or other added sugars, not just fructose. Therefore, the correct answer is honey and fruit as they naturally contain fructose.
How is resistant starch digested in the colon?
- A. bacterial fermentation.
- B. pancreatic amylase.
- C. hydrochloric acid.
- D. villi and microvilli.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the colon, resistant starch is digested by bacterial fermentation. The correct answer is A. During this process, short-chain fatty acids are produced. Pancreatic amylase, as mentioned in choice B, is responsible for breaking down starch in the small intestine, not in the colon. Choice C, hydrochloric acid, functions in the stomach to aid in the digestion of proteins, not starch. Villi and microvilli, as stated in choice D, are structures in the small intestine that absorb nutrients; they do not participate in the digestion of resistant starch in the colon.
People with phenylketonuria should avoid foods made with which nonnutritive sweetener?
- A. acesulfame-K
- B. aspartame
- C. saccharin
- D. sucralose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: People with phenylketonuria should avoid aspartame because it contains phenylalanine, which they cannot metabolize. Acesulfame-K, saccharin, and sucralose do not contain phenylalanine and are safe for individuals with phenylketonuria. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Acesulfame-K, saccharin, and sucralose are incorrect choices because they do not pose a risk for individuals with phenylketonuria due to the absence of phenylalanine in their composition.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat recommends that the percentage of total kcalories from fat should fall between:
- A. 10% and 20%.
- B. 20% and 25%.
- C. 20% and 35%.
- D. 30% and 45%.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat suggests that 20% to 35% of total kcalories should come from fat. This range is recommended to maintain good health. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not fall within the specified range. A lower percentage (10-20%) may not provide enough essential fatty acids, while a higher percentage (30-45%) may increase the risk of health issues associated with excessive fat consumption.