Nokea
Which of the following veins is the largest and carries back deoxygenated blood from the tissues in the lower extremities and enters the heart proximally?
- A. Pulmonary artery
- B. Inferior vena cava
- C. Pulmonary vein
- D. Superior vena cava
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The inferior vena cava is the largest vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower body into the heart.
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Which heart chamber ejects blood into the systemic arterial circulation via the aorta?
- A. Right atrium
- B. Left atrium
- C. Right ventricle
- D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Left ventricle. The left ventricle is responsible for ejecting oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation via the aorta. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it out through the aorta to the rest of the body.
Rationale:
1. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium, which has already been oxygenated in the lungs.
2. It is the chamber that generates the highest pressure to propel blood into the systemic circulation.
3. The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.
4. The right atrium and right ventricle are involved in pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, not into the systemic circulation.
5. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs but does not directly eject blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
What is a condition where the airways become swollen and produce extra mucus, making it difficult to breathe, often associated with COPD?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Pneumonia
- C. Emphysema
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the airways leading to excess mucus production.
2. It is a common symptom of COPD, obstructing airflow and causing breathing difficulties.
3. Pneumonia, emphysema, and tuberculosis do not primarily involve airway inflammation and mucus production as seen in chronic bronchitis.
What procedure involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to remove excess fluid and help the patient breathe more easily?
- A. Thoracentesis
- B. Bronchoscopy
- C. Spirometry
- D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thoracentesis. This procedure involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to drain excess fluid, which can accumulate due to conditions like pleural effusion or pneumonia, helping the patient breathe easier. It's performed under ultrasound guidance, ensuring precise fluid removal without damaging nearby structures. Thoracentesis is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, providing fluid for analysis and relieving symptoms of dyspnea.
Summary:
B: Bronchoscopy is a procedure to visualize the airways using a thin, flexible tube and is not used for draining pleural fluid.
C: Spirometry is a lung function test measuring airflow and is not a procedure for removing pleural fluid.
D: Arterial blood gas (ABG) is a blood test to assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and is not related to removing pleural fluid.
Which of the following is a rare genetic disorder that affects the lungs, liver, and skin, causing the buildup of a specific protein that damages organs?
- A. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- B. Cystic fibrosis
- C. Wegener's granulomatosis
- D. Marfan syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is the correct answer. This disorder affects the lungs, liver, and skin due to the buildup of a specific protein (alpha-1 antitrypsin) that damages organs. This deficiency can lead to lung and liver diseases. Cystic fibrosis primarily affects the lungs and digestive system, not the liver and skin. Wegener's granulomatosis is a condition that affects the blood vessels, lungs, and kidneys, not the liver. Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that affects the heart, blood vessels, bones, and eyes, not the lungs, liver, and skin.
While obtaining patient histories, which patient does the nurse identify as having the highest risk for CAD?
- A. A white man, age 54, who is a smoker and has a stressful lifestyle
- B. A white woman, age 68, with a BP of 172/100 mm Hg and who is physically inactive
- C. An Asian woman, age 45, with a cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL and a BP of 130/74 mm Hg
- D. An obese African American man, age 65, with a cholesterol level of 195 mg/dL and a BP of 128/76 mm Hg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Smoking and stress are strong risk factors for CAD.