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Which of the following viruses belongs to family Arenaviridae?
- A. Rabies virus
- B. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
- C. Epstein-barr virus
- D. Lassa virus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Lassa virus. The rationale is as follows:
1. Lassa virus belongs to the family Arenaviridae, known for causing Lassa fever.
2. Rabies virus belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family.
3. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus belongs to the Nairoviridae family.
4. Epstein-Barr virus belongs to the Herpesviridae family.
In summary, Lassa virus is the correct answer because it is the only virus listed that belongs to the Arenaviridae family.
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What is the function of bacterial fimbriae?
- A. Adhesion to surfaces
- B. DNA replication
- C. Protein synthesis
- D. Flagella movement
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adhesion to surfaces. Bacterial fimbriae are hair-like appendages that help bacteria attach to surfaces, such as host cells or medical devices. This adhesion is crucial for colonization and infection. DNA replication (B) occurs in the cell's nucleus, not on the surface. Protein synthesis (C) happens inside the cell, not on the fimbriae. Flagella movement (D) is the function of flagella, not fimbriae.
A 30-year-old patient complains about having abdominal pain and diarrhea for five days; body temperature rise up to 37, 5oC along with chills. The day before a patient had been in a forest and drunk from an open water reservoir. Laboratory analyses enabled to make the following diagnosis: amebic dysentery. What is the drug of choice for its treatment?
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Furazolidonum
- C. Levomycetin
- D. Phthalazol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metronidazole.
Rationale:
1. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for amebic dysentery due to its effectiveness against the causative agent, Entamoeba histolytica.
2. Metronidazole has good tissue penetration and is able to reach the site of infection in the gut.
3. It is a bactericidal drug that acts by disrupting the DNA structure of the parasite.
4. Metronidazole is well-absorbed orally and has minimal side effects.
Summary of other choices:
B: Furazolidonum - Not the drug of choice for amebic dysentery. It is primarily used for treating bacterial diarrhea.
C: Levomycetin - Not effective against Entamoeba histolytica and not recommended for amebic dysentery.
D: Phthalazol - Not commonly used for amebic dysentery treatment. Metronidazole is preferred due
The most important mechanism of tetracycline resistance is
- A. Reduced active influx by alteration of transport molecules
- B. Reduced passive influx due to altered cell membrane components
- C. Increased active efflux from the bacterial cell
- D. Direct enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Increased active efflux from the bacterial cell. This is the most important mechanism of tetracycline resistance because it involves the bacteria actively pumping out the antibiotic, reducing its intracellular concentration. This prevents tetracycline from effectively targeting bacterial ribosomes. Choice A is incorrect as tetracycline resistance typically involves active efflux rather than reduced influx. Choice B is incorrect because tetracycline resistance mechanisms do not primarily involve altered cell membrane components affecting passive influx. Choice D is also incorrect as tetracycline resistance mechanisms do not typically involve direct enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic.
Micrographia, a publication illustrating insects, sponges, as well as plant cells, was published by
- A. Robert Hooke
- B. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
- C. Hans Janssen
- D. John Needham
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Robert Hooke. Hooke published Micrographia in 1665, showcasing detailed illustrations of insects, sponges, and plant cells under the microscope. Hooke's work was groundbreaking in advancing the field of microscopy. Van Leeuwenhoek is known for discovering microorganisms but did not publish Micrographia. Janssen and Needham were not associated with Micrographia. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Formic acid is a fermentation product of
- A. Streptococcus.
- B. Klebsiella.
- C. Clostridium.
- D. Actinomyces.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Formic acid is produced during fermentation by Actinomyces.
Step 2: Actinomyces are known to produce organic acids like formic acid through fermentation.
Step 3: Other choices like Streptococcus, Klebsiella, and Clostridium are not typically associated with formic acid production.
Step 4: Actinomyces is the most likely candidate based on its fermentation capabilities.
Summary: Actinomyces is the correct answer because it is known to produce formic acid during fermentation, while the other choices lack this specific metabolic function.