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Which of the following viruses belongs to family Caliciviridae?
- A. Norwalk Virus
- B. Yellow fever virus
- C. Rubella virus
- D. CMV
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Norwalk Virus. The Norwalk Virus belongs to the family Caliciviridae because it has characteristic features such as a nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA genome. The other options, Yellow fever virus, Rubella virus, and CMV, belong to different virus families and have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from Caliciviridae. Yellow fever virus is a Flavivirus, Rubella virus belongs to Togaviridae, and CMV is a member of the Herpesviridae family. Therefore, based on the genomic and structural characteristics of the Norwalk Virus, it is the correct choice for belonging to the Caliciviridae family.
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Bacteriological examination of the urine of the patient with pyelonephritis revealed microorganisms that produced yellow-green pigment and a characteristic odor in meat-peptone agar. What are they called?
- A. Pseudomonas B.Escherichia C.Proteus D.Klebsiella E.Azotobacter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas bacteria are known to produce yellow-green pigment and a characteristic odor, specifically in meat-peptone agar. This is due to the production of pyoverdin pigment by Pseudomonas. Other choices like Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Azotobacter do not typically produce yellow-green pigment or have a characteristic odor in meat-peptone agar. Therefore, based on the specific characteristics mentioned in the question, Pseudomonas is the most appropriate choice.
Which one is NOT included in the etiology of osteomyelitis
- A. Haemophilus influenzae
- B. EBV
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. S. Aureus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: EBV. Osteomyelitis is primarily caused by bacteria, not viruses like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The main pathogens involved in osteomyelitis are typically Staphylococcus aureus, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EBV is not a causative agent of osteomyelitis. It is crucial to differentiate between bacterial and viral etiologies in infectious diseases to guide appropriate treatment.
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with food poisoning?
- A. Salmonella enterica
- B. Clostridium botulinum
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Salmonella enterica, Clostridium botulinum, and Escherichia coli are all commonly associated with food poisoning. Salmonella causes symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. Clostridium botulinum produces a toxin that leads to symptoms like muscle weakness and paralysis. Escherichia coli can cause symptoms like severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting. Therefore, all three bacteria are known to cause food poisoning. The other choices are incorrect because each of the bacteria listed is associated with food poisoning.
A patient suffers from pulmonary tuberculosis. During treatment neuritis of visual nerve arose. What drug has caused this by-effect?
- A. Isoniazid
- B. Ethambutol
- C. Kanamycin
- D. Rifampicin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ethambutol. Ethambutol is known to cause optic neuritis, affecting the visual nerve. It is a well-documented side effect of this drug. Isoniazid (Choice A) is associated with peripheral neuropathy, not optic neuritis. Kanamycin (Choice C) is known for its side effects on the inner ear, causing hearing loss. Rifampicin (Choice D) is not typically associated with optic neuritis but can cause other adverse effects like hepatitis. By process of elimination and knowledge of drug side effects, Ethambutol is the most likely culprit.
A patient with an abscess had Gram-positive cocci in clusters isolated from a wound culture. The organism was catalase-positive and coagulase-positive. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Staphylococcus epidermidis
- C. Streptococcus pyogenes
- D. Enterococcus faecalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Gram-positive cocci in clusters suggest Staphylococcus or Streptococcus.
2. Catalase-positive and coagulase-positive narrow it down to Staphylococcus.
3. Staphylococcus aureus is catalase-positive and coagulase-positive.
Therefore, the likely causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus.
Summary:
A: Correct - Staphylococcus aureus fits all the characteristics.
B: Incorrect - Staphylococcus epidermidis is catalase-negative and coagulase-negative.
C: Incorrect - Streptococcus pyogenes is catalase-negative and coagulase-negative.
D: Incorrect - Enterococcus faecalis is catalase-negative and coagulase-negative.