Nokea
Which of the following viruses can cause hemorrhagic cystitis in immunocompromised patients:
- A. EBV
- B. BKV
- C. HSV1
- D. JCV
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: BKV. BK virus can cause hemorrhagic cystitis in immunocompromised patients by infecting the urinary tract. It primarily affects the renal tubular epithelial cells, leading to hemorrhagic cystitis. EBV (A) causes infectious mononucleosis, HSV1 (C) causes oral and genital herpes, and JCV (D) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, none of which are associated with hemorrhagic cystitis.
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A patient with suspected liver abscess was admitted to the surgical department. The patient had been staying for a long time on business in one of African countries and fell repeatedly ill with acute gastrointestinal disorders. What protozoal disease may the patient be now ill with?
- A. Amebiasis
- B. Trypanosomosis
- C. Leishmaniasis
- D. Malaria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is Amebiasis (choice A) because the patient's symptoms of acute gastrointestinal disorders and prolonged stay in an African country suggest exposure to Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. This protozoal infection commonly occurs in tropical regions, including Africa. Trypanosomosis (choice B) is caused by Trypanosoma species transmitted by tsetse flies, primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa. Leishmaniasis (choice C) is transmitted by sandflies and presents with skin lesions or visceral involvement, not acute gastrointestinal symptoms. Malaria (choice D) is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by mosquitoes and typically presents with fever, not acute gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect based on the patient's clinical presentation and travel history.
Microscopic examination of a patient's duodenal contents revealed protozoa with two nuclei, four flagella, and a ventral adhesive disc. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Giardia lamblia
- B. Leishmania donovani
- C. Entamoeba coli
- D. Trypanosoma gambiense
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Giardia lamblia. This protozoan matches the description of the causative agent because it has two nuclei, four flagella, and a ventral adhesive disc. Giardia lamblia is commonly found in the duodenum and causes giardiasis. The other choices can be eliminated because Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis, not the described symptoms. Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic amoeba found in the large intestine. Trypanosoma gambiense causes African trypanosomiasis and is transmitted by the tsetse fly, not matching the described characteristics.
Fudrjant fern of injection is:
- A. Continuous infection with long incubation period
- B. Chronic infection with short incubation period
- C. Immediate infection with very short incubation period
- D. ‘Sleeping' infection with infection-carrying
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Continuous infection with long incubation period. Fudrjant fern of injection is a term used to describe an infection that is continuously present in the body after being introduced through injection. The long incubation period refers to the time between the injection and when symptoms of the infection become apparent. This choice is correct as it accurately describes the characteristics of fudrjant fern of injection.
Choice B is incorrect because chronic infections typically have a long duration, not a short incubation period. Choice C is incorrect as immediate infections would not have a long incubation period. Choice D is incorrect because a 'sleeping' infection implies a dormant state, not continuous presence in the body as seen in fudrjant fern of injection.
Which type of bacteria can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic environments?
- A. Obligate aerobes
- B. Facultative anaerobes
- C. Obligate anaerobes
- D. Microaerophiles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is B: Facultative anaerobes. Facultative anaerobes can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic environments due to their ability to switch between utilizing oxygen for respiration in aerobic conditions and utilizing fermentation or anaerobic respiration in anaerobic conditions. This flexibility allows them to thrive in diverse environments.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: Obligate aerobes require oxygen for respiration and cannot survive in anaerobic environments.
C: Obligate anaerobes can only survive in the absence of oxygen and would not thrive in aerobic conditions.
D: Microaerophiles require low levels of oxygen to grow and are not as versatile in adapting to varying oxygen levels compared to facultative anaerobes.
The causative agent of syphilis is:
- A. Borrelia burgdorferi
- B. Treponema pallidum
- C. Leptospira interrogans
- D. Rickettsia rickettsii
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Treponema pallidum.
1. Treponema pallidum is a spirochete bacterium known to cause syphilis.
2. Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, not syphilis.
3. Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis, not syphilis.
4. Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, not syphilis.
Therefore, Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, making it the correct answer.