Nokea
Which of the following would MOST directly affect the operations of the digestive system?
- A. osteoporosis
- B. liver damage
- C. heart attack
- D. kidney failure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Liver damage directly impacts digestion by reducing bile production, essential for fat breakdown.
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Of the following, which organ does food NOT pass through?
- A. pancreas
- B. stomach
- C. mouth
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Food does not pass through the pancreas; it produces digestive enzymes that aid digestion.
Taste buds are found on the following papilla EXCEPT:
- A. Circumvallate papilla
- B. Filiform
- C. Fungiform
- D. Foliate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Filiform papillae lack taste buds and are primarily involved in touch sensation, unlike the other papillae types.
Which part(s) of the esophagus necessitate(s) input from the central nervous system to orchestrate peristalsis?
- A. The upper third
- B. The middle third
- C. The lower third
- D. The upper and middle portions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The upper third of the esophagus, with striated muscle, requires CNS input (via the vagus nerve) for primary peristalsis.
All of the following are components of saliva EXCEPT?
- A. Mucin
- B. Pepsin
- C. Amylase
- D. IgA antibodies
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pepsin is not a component of saliva; it is found in the stomach where it helps digest proteins. Saliva contains mucin, amylase, and IgA antibodies.
In gut, serosa is outer most layer and made up of
- A. Endothelium
- B. Smooth muscles
- C. Mesothelium
- D. Dense connective tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The serosa, the outermost layer of the gut, is made of mesothelium and connective tissue.