Nokea
Which of the followings is consistent with neuropathic pain due to diabetes:
- A. Burning pain
- B. Electric shock quality
- C. Tingling
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neuropathic pain due to diabetes can present with a variety of symptoms, including burning pain, electric shock quality, and tingling sensation. These symptoms are commonly reported by individuals with diabetic neuropathy, which is the most common form of neuropathic pain associated with diabetes. The combination of these sensations can significantly impact the quality of life for those living with diabetes and neuropathic pain. Therefore, all of the above options are consistent with neuropathic pain due to diabetes.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which of the following tests should be used to make the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome?
- A. 24-hour urine free cortisol
- B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) level at 8 a.m.
- C. Inferior petrosal venous sampling
- D. Overnight 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The overnight 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test is commonly used as an initial screening test for Cushing's syndrome. In this test, a patient takes 1 mg of dexamethasone orally at 11 p.m., and their serum cortisol level is measured the next morning. In patients with Cushing's syndrome, the cortisol levels will not be suppressed by the dexamethasone due to the presence of excessive cortisol production.
All of the following would be expected to increase prolactin levels except:
- A. Chest wall trauma
- B. Hyperthyroidism
- C. Pregnancy
- D. Renal failure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prolactin levels can be increased by various factors, including chest wall trauma, pregnancy, and renal failure. However, hyperthyroidism is not typically associated with elevated prolactin levels. In fact, hyperthyroidism is more commonly associated with decreased levels of prolactin due to the inhibitory effect of thyroid hormones on prolactin secretion. Therefore, all of the options except for hyperthyroidism would be expected to increase prolactin levels.
All are features of diabetic ketoacidosis except:
- A. Hyperthermia
- B. Drowsiness
- C. Dehydration
- D. Air hunger
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperthermia is not a typical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is typically characterized by high blood sugar levels, ketone accumulation, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. Common symptoms include drowsiness, dehydration, and air hunger (deep and rapid breathing). However, hyperthermia, which refers to an elevated body temperature, is not a characteristic typically associated with DKA. It is important to monitor and manage DKA promptly as it is a serious complication of diabetes that requires immediate medical attention.
The triad of hyponatraemia, haemodilution and urine hypertonic to plasma suggest diagnosis of:
- A. Nephrotic syndrome
- B. SIADH
- C. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- D. Addison's disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The triad of hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood), haemodilution (increased plasma volume), and urine hypertonic to plasma (high urine osmolality compared to blood osmolality) is characteristic of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). In SIADH, there is excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, leading to water retention by the kidneys and dilutional hyponatremia. This condition results in the body holding onto water, causing hyponatremia and dilution of the blood. The urine being hypertonic compared to plasma indicates that the kidneys are reabsorbing water effectively and concentrating the urine.
In males which hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
- A. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- C. hormone
- D. insipidus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In males, Leydig cells in the testes are stimulated to produce testosterone by luteinizing hormone (LH). LH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and acts on the Leydig cells to promote the synthesis and release of testosterone. This hormone plays a crucial role in male reproductive function and the development of masculine characteristics. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a role in spermatogenesis in males but does not directly stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone.