Nokea
Which of these choices contains the six elements necessary for malpractice?
- A. Causation, foreseeability, damages to the patient, a duty that was owed to the client and this duty was breached, and direct rather than indirect harm to the client.
- B. Causation, foreseeability, damages to the patient, a duty that was owed to the client and this duty was breached, and direct and/or indirect harm to the client.
- C. Causation, correlation, damages to the patient, a duty that was owed to the client and this duty was breached, and direct and/or indirect harm to the client.
- D. Causation, foreseeability, damages to the patient, a duty that was owed to the client and this duty was breached, and a medical license.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The six elements of malpractice are duty owed, breach of duty, foreseeability, causation, direct harm, and damages . Indirect harm or correlation are not standard elements, and a medical license is irrelevant.
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A client with a history of heart failure is prescribed spironolactone (Aldactone). The nurse should instruct the client to:
- A. Avoid potassium-rich foods.
- B. Take the medication at bedtime.
- C. Monitor blood pressure regularly.
- D. Stop the medication if dizziness occurs.
Correct Answer: A, C
Rationale: Spironolactone can cause hyperkalemia, requiring avoidance of potassium-rich foods, and blood pressure monitoring for hypotension.
A client with a history of heart failure is admitted with jugular vein distension. The nurse should include which of the following in the plan of care?
- A. Administer furosemide as prescribed.
- B. Position the client in Fowler's position.
- C. Restrict sodium intake.
- D. Encourage ambulation.
Correct Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: Furosemide, Fowler's position, and sodium restriction reduce fluid overload in heart failure.
A client has been diagnosed with multi-infarct (or vascular) dementia (MID). When preparing a teaching plan for the client and family, which of the following should the nurse include?
- A. Strategies to manage memory loss and confusion.
- B. Instructions to limit physical activity to prevent falls.
- C. The need for a low-protein diet to reduce metabolic stress.
- D. The importance of avoiding all medications that affect the brain.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Multi-infarct dementia involves memory loss and confusion due to multiple small strokes. Teaching strategies to manage these symptoms, such as memory aids and structured routines, is essential for supporting the client and family.
A client diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is on home oxygen at 2 L per minute. The nurse assesses the client's respiratory rate at 22 breaths per minute. When the client reports an increase in the dyspnea, what should the nurse do initially?
- A. Determine the need to increase the oxygen.
- B. Call emergency services to come to the home.
- C. Reassure the client that there is no need to worry.
- D. Collect more information about the client's respiratory status.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Completing an assessment and collecting additional information regarding the client's respiratory status is the initial nursing action. The oxygen is not increased without validation of the need for further oxygen and the approval of the primary health care provider, especially because clients with COPD can retain carbon dioxide. Calling emergency services is a premature action. Reassuring the client is appropriate, but it is inappropriate to tell the client not to worry.
When teaching unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) about the importance of hand washing in preventing disease, the nurse should instruct the UAP that?
- A. It is not necessary to wash your hands as long as you use gloves.'
- B. Handwashing is the best method for preventing cross-contamination.'
- C. Waterless commercial products are not effective for killing organisms.'
- D. The hands do not serve as a source of infection.'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Handwashing is the most effective method to prevent cross-contamination, as hands are a primary source of infection transmission in healthcare settings.