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Mr. Rogers' Biography: 'It's a wonderful day in the neighborhood!' This familiar line always began the Mister Rogers' Neighborhood program on PBS.
The amazing Fred Rogers brought a special message to children around the world. He believed that each person is unique and wonderful in his or her own way and we should accept others just the way they are without trying to change or improve them. Mr. Rogers spread his tolerance message far and wide through the daily broadcasts of his television show, his many books, and finally after his retirement through his website specifically designed for children. Through these venues, Mr. Rogers helped children deal with the real- world things that bothered them, such as doctor visits, haircuts, and new siblings.
Fred Rogers left a legacy of kindness, acceptance, and an unending love of learning for all generations.
Which of these statements is a fact, rather than an opinion based on the passage?
- A. Mr. Rogers started a website for children in his retirement.
- B. Mr. Rogers never showed frustration towards certain people.
- C. Mr. Rogers loved using puppets on his television show.
- D. Mr. Rogers was adored by all children who watched his television show.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mr. Rogers started a website for children in his retirement. This is a fact because the passage explicitly states that after his retirement, Mr. Rogers spread his message through his website specifically designed for children. This information is directly stated in the text, making it a factual statement.
Rationale:
- Choice A directly aligns with the information provided in the passage, making it a verifiable fact.
- Choice B is an opinion as it states Mr. Rogers never showed frustration towards certain people, which is a subjective assessment of his character.
- Choice C is an opinion as well, as it states Mr. Rogers loved using puppets on his television show, which is a personal preference and not a verifiable fact.
- Choice D is an opinion too, as it states Mr. Rogers was adored by all children who watched his television show, which cannot be proven as true for every single child who watched his show.
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"Don't be afraid." Sounds simple, but for some people it's not. Having the normal maction of being scared or frightened helps you to survive threats of all kinds, both physical and verbal. Most mild fears are outgrown during childhood; however, severe fears, called phoblas, are extreme and unreasonable. Phobias cause out-of-control feelings such as sickness, headaches, ulcers, and high blood pressure. Specific phoblas center around things, activities, or situations while people with social phoblas feel anxiety over social settings where they fear embarrassing situations.
Another type of phobia called panic disorder causes people to sweat, tremble, or even faint due to overwhelming panic which may occur at any time. By talking, breathing deeply, and visualizing, a person can gain control over debilitating phobias
What does the author want to conclude?
- A. People can gain control or deal with phobias.
- B. Phobias should be ignored.
- C. Everyone has a phobia.
- D. Phobias are not serious.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'People can gain control or deal with phobias.' The author discusses different types of severe fears, known as phobias, and how they can manifest physically and emotionally. The text emphasizes that individuals can gain control over debilitating phobias through strategies like talking, deep breathing, and visualization. This conclusion is supported by the information provided in the text, which highlights ways to manage and overcome phobias rather than suggesting they should be ignored, claiming everyone has a phobia, or dismissing the seriousness of phobias.
Blood Pressure Regulators The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the body’s cardiovascular system. The body’s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart. Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the body’s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down. Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure. The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.
What is the best summary of this passage?
- A. The body's pump, the heart, regulates the flow of oxygen to all cells of the body and discards waste products that include carbon dioxide. The kidneys help in this process by absorbing salts and water.
- B. There are several systems to maintain the natural functions and processes of the body. One system is the cardiovascular system, which regulates blood pressure through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
- C. Baroreceptors help regulate blood pressure and are found along the wall of the arteries. Baroreceptors send out impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, resulting in the lowering or raising of blood pressure.
- D. Chemoreceptors monitor changes in oxygen level that affect blood pressure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct summary of the passage is option B. It effectively captures the key points discussed in the text, which include the role of the cardiovascular system in regulating blood pressure through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. Options A, C, and D either focus on specific details or do not encompass the broader scope of systems involved in maintaining blood pressure regulation as discussed in the passage.
Mr. Rogers' Biography
"It's a wonderful day in the neighborhood!" This familiar line always began the Mister Rogers' Neighborhood program on PBS. The amazing Fred Rogers brought a special message to children around the world. He believed that each person is unique and wonderful in his or her own way and we should accept others just the way they are without trying to change or improve them. Mr. Rogers spread his tolerance message far and wide through the daily broadcasts of his television show, his many books, and finally after his retirement through his website specifically designed for children. Through these venues, Mr. Rogers helped children deal with the real world things that bothered them, such as doctor visits, haircuts, and new siblings.
Fred Rogers left a legacy of kindness, acceptance, and an unending love of learning for all generations
Why did Fred Rogers design and develop a TV show for children?
- A. He wanted to entertain children with flashy graphics.
- B. He aimed to provide children with celebrity role models.
- C. He wanted to help children deal with real-world problems.
- D. He intended to promote commercial products to children.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Fred Rogers designed and developed the TV show for children to help them deal with real-world problems. His program focused on addressing issues such as doctor visits, haircuts, and new siblings, aiming to provide children with guidance and support in navigating these challenges. Through his show, books, and website, Rogers sought to empower children with tools to cope with everyday difficulties, emphasizing kindness, acceptance, and a love of learning, rather than merely entertaining or endorsing commercial products.
Electrocardiogram
Beep!Ć¢Ä‚¬Ā¦Beep!Ć¢Ä‚¬Ā¦Beep! is the audible rhythmic sound made as the strength of the heart muscle is measured. The signal cadence has a characteristic record that varies in every individual. This record is called an electrocardiogram, or ECG.
In the body, an array of systemic neural responses constantly occur, emitting electric currents. The electric currents can be detected on the surface of the body, and if a person is hooked to an amplifier, these impulses are recorded by an electrocardiograph.
Most of the information obtained is about the heart because the heart sends out electric currents in waves. This Ć¢Ä‚¬Å“wave of excitationĆ¢Ä‚¬Ā¯ spreads through the heart wall and is accompanied by electric changes. The wave takes place in three distinct steps.
Initially, the Ć¢Ä‚¬Å“wave of excitationĆ¢Ä‚¬Ā¯ accompanied by an electric change lasts for approximately 1 to 2 seconds after the contraction of the cardiac muscle. The electric impulses are discharged rhythmically from the sinoatrial (SA) node, the pacemaker of the heart. This spread of excitation over the muscle of the atrium indicates that the atrium has contracted.
Next, the peak of the ECG reading is due to the atrioventricular (AV) node, causing the ventricle to become excited.
Finally, the ventricles relax, and any changes in the wave indicate to trained medical staff any abnormalities within the heart.
What is the best summary of the passage?
- A. Electric currents within the body result from the heart's electrostatic charges. Trained medical staff can identify heart abnormalities.
- B. Each individual exhibits unique electric currents on the body's surface, which the ECG records and measures.
- C. The ECG systematically captures the stages of the 'wave of excitation' within the heart, originating from the SA node to the AV node, in three distinct steps.
- D. The ECG records the body's electric currents, detectable on the body's surface through an amplifier.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The passage discusses how the electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the 'wave of excitation' in the heart, detailing the three distinct steps from the SA node to the AV node. Option A is incorrect as it oversimplifies the process and does not focus on the ECG's specific function. Option B is partially correct but lacks the key point about the stages of excitation and the nodes involved. Option D is too general and does not highlight the specific process of the 'wave of excitation' as explained in the passage. Therefore, Option C is the best summary as it accurately reflects the systematic measurement and recording of the 'wave of excitation' within the heart by the ECG.
Electrocardiogram
The rhythmic sounds of "beep... beep... beep..." signify the measurement of the heart muscle's strength. This rhythmic signal varies from person to person and is recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG). Within the body, a complex array of systemic neural responses generates electric currents that can be detected on the skin's surface. When a person is connected to an amplifier, these impulses are captured by an electrocardiograph. Most of the information gathered pertains to the heart, as it emits electric currents in waves. This "wave of excitation" propagates through the heart wall and is associated with electrical changes. The process occurs in three distinct phases. First, the "wave of excitation," accompanied by an electrical change, lasts for about 1 to 2 seconds following the contraction of the cardiac muscle. These electrical impulses are rhythmically discharged from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, signaling the atrium to contract. The peak of the ECG reading is attributed to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which triggers the excitation of the ventricles. Finally, as the ventricles relax, any changes in the wave pattern can alert trained medical personnel to potential abnormalities within the heart.
What are the three phases of the "wave of excitation"?
- A. The discharge from the SA node, the peak ECG, and the excitement of the ventricle.
- B. The excitement of the ventricle, the relaxing of the ventricle, and the systemic neural response.
- C. The contraction of the atrium, the relaxation of the atrium, and the contraction of the ventricle.
- D. The excitation of the atrium, the excitement of the ventricle, and the relaxing of the ventricle.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'The excitation of the atrium, the excitement of the ventricle, and the relaxing of the ventricle.' The 'wave of excitation' in the heart occurs in three main steps. Firstly, the excitation starts with the discharge from the SA node, indicating the contraction of the atrium. Secondly, the peak ECG reading is caused by the excitement of the ventricle. Lastly, the wave ends with the relaxing of the ventricle. Understanding these steps is crucial for interpreting electrocardiograms and identifying any abnormalities in the heart's electrical activity.