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Which one is an example of an immunomodulator
- A. Pentaxim
- B. Hexacima
- C. Gamma-interferon
- D. Rifampin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why C is correct:
1. Immunomodulators regulate the immune response.
2. Gamma-interferon is a cytokine that enhances immune function.
3. It helps fight infections and regulate inflammation.
4. Pentaxim and Hexacima are combination vaccines.
5. Rifampin is an antibiotic, not an immunomodulator.
Summary:
- A and B are combination vaccines.
- D is an antibiotic.
- C is the correct answer as gamma-interferon is an immunomodulator that regulates the immune response.
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Tularemia is caused by
- A. Francisella tularensis
- B. Bordetella pertussis
- C. Brucella suis
- D. Legionella sp.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Tularemia is caused by Francisella tularensis, a highly infectious bacterium.
2. Francisella tularensis is the only pathogen specifically known to cause tularemia.
3. The other choices (Bordetella pertussis, Brucella suis, Legionella sp.) are not associated with tularemia.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is A - Francisella tularensis.
Extrachromosomal carriers of the genetic information in bacteria are:
- A. Mesosomes
- B. Plasmids
- C. Ribosomes
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Plasmids. Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. They carry additional genetic information, such as antibiotic resistance genes or virulence factors. Mesosomes (choice A) are not involved in carrying genetic information; they are infoldings of the cell membrane. Ribosomes (choice C) are cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, not carriers of genetic information. Choice D is incorrect as plasmids are indeed extrachromosomal carriers of genetic information in bacteria.
Bacteriological examination of the urine of the patient with pyelonephritis revealed microorganisms that produced yellow-green pigment and a characteristic odor in meat-peptone agar. What are they called?
- A. Pseudomonas B.Escherichia C.Proteus D.Klebsiella E.Azotobacter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas bacteria are known to produce yellow-green pigment and a characteristic odor, specifically in meat-peptone agar. This is due to the production of pyoverdin pigment by Pseudomonas. Other choices like Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Azotobacter do not typically produce yellow-green pigment or have a characteristic odor in meat-peptone agar. Therefore, based on the specific characteristics mentioned in the question, Pseudomonas is the most appropriate choice.
The sepsis is:
- A. Presence of bacteria in the blood
- B. Bacteremia, accompanied with chemical and laboratory data for systemic information
- C. Massive proliferation of toxins in the blood with organ failure
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Sepsis is a systemic response to infection resulting in organ dysfunction.
A: Sepsis can be caused by bacterial infection, but it is not solely defined by the presence of bacteria in the blood.
B: Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the blood, which can be a component of sepsis, but sepsis involves a broader systemic response beyond just bacteremia.
C: Sepsis can lead to the release of toxins and organ failure, but sepsis itself is not defined solely by the massive proliferation of toxins.
Therefore, the correct answer is D, as sepsis can involve the presence of bacteria, bacteremia, systemic manifestations, and organ failure.
Viruses can infect
- A. plants.
- B. bacteria.
- C. animals.
- D. all organisms.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because viruses have the ability to infect all organisms, including plants, bacteria, animals, and even fungi. Viruses are non-living entities that require a host cell to replicate and spread. They can infect a wide range of organisms by attaching to specific receptors on the host cell's surface. Therefore, the correct answer is D as viruses have the capability to infect all living organisms. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because viruses can infect not only plants, bacteria, and animals but also other organisms, making choice D the most comprehensive and accurate option.