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Which one is an example of an immunomodulator:
- A. Rifampin
- B. Gamma Interferon
- C. Hexacima
- D. Pentaxim
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why B (Gamma Interferon) is the correct answer:
1. Gamma Interferon is a type of immunomodulator that helps regulate the immune response.
2. It activates macrophages and enhances the immune system's ability to fight infections.
3. Rifampin is an antibiotic, not an immunomodulator.
4. Hexacima and Pentaxim are combination vaccines, not immunomodulators.
In summary, Gamma Interferon is the correct answer as it directly influences the immune response, while the other choices are not immunomodulators.
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A patient with acute food poisoning had fecal cultures grown on Endo agar, resulting in colorless colonies. What microorganism is most likely responsible?
- A. Salmonella
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Staphylococcus
- D. Shigella
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Endo agar is a selective and differential media commonly used to isolate gram-negative bacteria.
Step 2: Colorless colonies on Endo agar indicate the absence of lactose fermentation.
Step 3: Salmonella is a gram-negative bacterium that does not ferment lactose, leading to colorless colonies on Endo agar.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Salmonella.
Summary:
B: Escherichia coli ferments lactose, producing pink colonies on Endo agar.
C: Staphylococcus is a gram-positive bacterium and would not grow on Endo agar.
D: Shigella is a gram-negative bacterium but ferments lactose, resulting in pink colonies on Endo agar.
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing the disease tetanus?
- A. Clostridium tetani
- B. Clostridium perfringens
- C. Streptococcus pyogenes
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium tetani. This bacterium is responsible for causing tetanus due to its production of tetanus toxin. Clostridium perfringens (B) causes gas gangrene, Streptococcus pyogenes (C) causes strep throat and skin infections, and Escherichia coli (D) is a common gut bacteria that can cause food poisoning but not tetanus.
Patients after transplantation of allogeneic stem cells are monitored periodically for reactivation of
- A. HAV
- B. CMV
- C. Rubella virus
- D. Measles virus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: CMV. Patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation are monitored for CMV reactivation due to its potential to cause severe complications in immunocompromised individuals. CMV can lead to organ damage and even mortality in these patients. Monitoring for CMV reactivation allows for early detection and prompt intervention.
Incorrect Choices:
A: HAV - Hepatitis A virus reactivation is not commonly monitored in post-transplant patients.
C: Rubella virus - Rubella is not a common concern for reactivation in this patient population.
D: Measles virus - Measles reactivation is not typically monitored in these patients.
What type of immunity is responsible for the agglutination of viruses:
- A. Passive immunity
- B. Humoral immunity
- C. Cell mediated immunity
- D. Non specific immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humoral immunity. Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells that can bind to antigens on viruses, leading to their agglutination. This process prevents the spread of the virus in the body. Passive immunity (A) involves receiving pre-formed antibodies, not the production of antibodies. Cell-mediated immunity (C) involves the activation of T cells, not the direct agglutination of viruses. Non-specific immunity (D) refers to general defense mechanisms like inflammation and fever, not targeted agglutination of viruses.
The cleanup of various industrial wastes by living organisms is referred to as __________.
- A. biomining
- B. biosynthesis
- C. bioremediation
- D. bioengineering
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bioremediation. Bioremediation is the process of using living organisms to clean up environmental pollution, including industrial wastes. This method utilizes microorganisms, plants, or fungi to break down or neutralize pollutants. Biomining (A) is the process of extracting valuable metals from ores using biological organisms. Biosynthesis (B) refers to the production of complex molecules by living organisms. Bioengineering (D) involves the application of engineering principles to biological systems, not specifically related to cleaning up industrial wastes. Therefore, the most appropriate term for the cleanup of industrial wastes by living organisms is bioremediation.