Nokea
Which one of the following microbiological diagnostic methods is the most suitable for detection of genitourinary chlamydiosis
- A. cultural diagnostic
- B. ELISA
- C. CFT
- D. PCR
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: PCR. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is the most suitable method for detecting genitourinary chlamydiosis due to its high sensitivity and specificity in detecting the genetic material of Chlamydia trachomatis. PCR can detect even low levels of the pathogen, providing accurate results.
A: Cultural diagnostic is not as sensitive as PCR and may take longer to produce results.
B: ELISA detects antibodies, which may not be present in early stages of infection, leading to false-negative results.
C: CFT (Complement Fixation Test) is an older method with lower sensitivity compared to PCR for detecting chlamydiosis.
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The ability of Clostridium tetani to produce exotoxins is encoded by?
- A. genes with chromosomal location
- B. clostridium tetani is not capable of producing exotoxins, it has only endotoxin activity
- C. genes with plasmid location
- D. chromosomal and plasmid location
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: genes with plasmid location. Clostridium tetani produces exotoxins through genes located on plasmids. Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that carry additional genes. These genes encode for the production of exotoxins in Clostridium tetani. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because Clostridium tetani does produce exotoxins, it does not have only endotoxin activity, and the genes responsible for exotoxin production are located on plasmids, not solely on the chromosome or both chromosome and plasmid.
All statements of viral neutralization reaction are true except:
- A. A key component of the reaction is the complement system involvement
- B. Specific virus neutralising antibodies block the viral ability to infect cells
- C. The antibodies are titrated and two serum samples are required
- D. It is also used to identify newly isolated virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
A: Incorrect - The complement system is not directly involved in the viral neutralization reaction.
B: Correct - Specific antibodies neutralize viruses by blocking their ability to infect cells.
C: Incorrect - Antibodies are titrated, but only one serum sample is required for neutralization testing.
D: Incorrect - Viral neutralization is primarily used to measure antibody response, not to identify newly isolated viruses.
The highly specialized structure that protects the fetus from microorganisms is the:
- A. uterus
- B. placenta
- C. vagina
- D. mammary gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: placenta. The placenta is a highly specialized structure that forms during pregnancy and serves as a barrier, protecting the fetus from harmful microorganisms that could potentially harm the developing baby. It facilitates the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste between the mother and fetus while preventing the passage of most bacteria and viruses. The uterus (A) is the organ where the fetus develops, but it does not have the specific protective functions of the placenta. The vagina (C) is the birth canal and does not provide protection from microorganisms for the fetus. The mammary gland (D) is responsible for producing milk after birth and is not directly involved in protecting the fetus from microorganisms during pregnancy.
Which bacteria are known for their ability to survive in extreme heat?
- A. Psychrophiles
- B. Mesophiles
- C. Thermophiles
- D. Halophiles
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thermophiles. Thermophiles are bacteria that thrive in high temperatures typically above 45°C. They have specialized enzymes and cellular structures that allow them to survive and even thrive in extreme heat. Psychrophiles (A) are adapted to cold temperatures, mesophiles (B) thrive at moderate temperatures, and halophiles (D) prefer high salt concentrations, making them unsuitable for extreme heat survival. Therefore, Thermophiles are the only bacteria among the choices that are known for their ability to survive in extreme heat.
A mercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines is:
- A. analgesic
- B. EDTA
- C. codeine
- D. thimerosal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: thimerosal. Thimerosal is a mercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines. It helps prevent contamination and growth of bacteria and fungi in multi-dose vials. Choice A, analgesic, refers to pain relievers, not preservatives. Choice B, EDTA, is a chelating agent used to bind metal ions and is not a preservative. Choice C, codeine, is an opioid pain medication and not a preservative used in vaccines. Thimerosal is the correct answer as it specifically fits the description of a mercury-containing compound used in vaccines.