Which organ in the human body is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine?
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Pancreas
- D. Heart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Kidneys. The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering blood to remove waste products and excess substances, producing urine as a result. The liver plays a role in detoxification and metabolism. The pancreas is involved in digestion and blood sugar regulation. The heart pumps blood throughout the body but does not filter blood or produce urine.
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Which term describes a position closer to the center of the body?
- A. Distal
- B. Proximal
- C. Lateral
- D. Medial
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximal. Proximal is used to describe a position closer to the center of the body. Distal, the incorrect choice, refers to a position farther away from the center. Lateral, another incorrect choice, indicates a position on the side of the body. Medial, also an incorrect option, describes a position towards the middle or midline of the body.
What macromolecules are proteins that speed up chemical reactions and act as biological catalysts?
- A. Lipids
- B. Enzymes
- C. Carbohydrates
- D. Nucleic acids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. Lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids do not serve as proteins that function as catalysts; they have different biological roles. Lipids are primarily used for energy storage, structural components, and signaling molecules. Carbohydrates are mainly for energy storage and providing structural support. Nucleic acids are involved in genetic information storage and transfer. Therefore, the correct answer is B: Enzymes.
What is the purpose of sodium bicarbonate when released into the lumen of the small intestine?
- A. It works to chemically digest fats in the chyme.
- B. It decreases the pH of the chyme to prevent harm to the intestine.
- C. It works to chemically digest proteins in the chyme.
- D. It increases the pH of the chyme to prevent harm to the intestine.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate, when released into the lumen of the small intestine, functions to increase the pH of the acidic chyme coming from the stomach. This increase in pH helps neutralize the acidity of the chyme, creating a more optimal environment for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine to function properly. Maintaining a slightly basic pH in the small intestine is crucial for overall digestion and absorption of nutrients. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Sodium bicarbonate does not chemically digest fats or proteins in the chyme, and it does not decrease the pH of the chyme as it actually increases the pH to prevent harm to the intestine.
Which of the following are functions of the liver?
- A. Supports waste disposal
- B. Aids in blood clotting through plasma protein synthesis
- C. Emulsifies fats through bile production
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The liver performs various essential functions in the body. It supports waste disposal by breaking down toxins and producing bile to eliminate waste, aids in blood clotting through the synthesis of plasma proteins like fibrinogen, and emulsifies fats by producing bile that helps in fat digestion. All the statements accurately describe functions of the liver, making option D 'All of the above' the correct choice. Option A is incorrect as it oversimplifies the waste disposal function without mentioning the breakdown of toxins. Option B is incorrect as it only focuses on blood clotting and not the other functions of the liver. Option C is incorrect as it solely emphasizes fat emulsification and does not cover the liver's other crucial roles.
Where does mRNA translation typically occur?
- A. On the ribosome
- B. In the nucleus
- C. In the cytoplasm
- D. On the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: mRNA translation typically occurs on the ribosome. Ribosomes are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. They read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain during translation. The correct answer is A. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. The nucleus is where mRNA is transcribed from DNA, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein processing and transport but not in mRNA translation.