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Which pediatric condition is characterized by a "string sign" on an upper GI series?
- A. Intussusception
- B. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
- C. Hirschsprung disease
- D. Meckel diverticulum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The "string sign" is associated with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, a condition where the pyloric canal is narrowed, leading to gastric outlet obstruction. Intussusception (choice A) typically presents with colicky abdominal pain and currant jelly stools. Hirschsprung disease (choice C) is characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon. Meckel diverticulum (choice D) is a congenital outpouching of the small intestine that can present with painless rectal bleeding.
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Which immunization is recommended for all newborns?
- A. Hepatitis A vaccine
- B. Hepatitis B vaccine
- C. Hepatitis C vaccine
- D. Hepatitis A, B, and C vaccines
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Hepatitis B vaccine. This vaccine is recommended for all newborns to prevent Hepatitis B infection, which can lead to chronic liver disease and liver cancer. The Hepatitis B vaccine is a crucial part of the routine immunization schedule for infants. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the recommended vaccine for newborns is specifically Hepatitis B, not Hepatitis A, Hepatitis C, or a combination of Hepatitis A, B, and C vaccines.
What is the purpose of using cimetidine (Tagamet) for gastroesophageal reflux?
- A. The medication reduces gastric acid secretion.
- B. The medication neutralizes the acid in the stomach.
- C. The medication increases the rate of gastric emptying time.
- D. The medication coats the lining of the stomach and esophagus.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Cimetidine (Tagamet) is an H2 receptor antagonist that works by reducing gastric acid secretion. This action helps to decrease the acidity in the stomach, which in turn reduces the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Choice B is incorrect because cimetidine does not neutralize acid but rather decreases its production. Choice C is incorrect as cimetidine does not affect the rate of gastric emptying time. Choice D is incorrect as cimetidine does not coat the lining of the stomach and esophagus but instead works to reduce gastric acid secretion.
Which condition is characterized by a "barking" cough in children?
- A. Asthma
- B. Bronchiolitis
- C. Croup
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Croup is the correct answer. It is characterized by a distinctive "barking" cough, typically worse at night, caused by the inflammation of the upper airway, specifically the larynx and trachea. Asthma (Choice A) typically presents with wheezing and shortness of breath rather than a barking cough. Bronchiolitis (Choice B) commonly causes wheezing and respiratory distress in infants and young children. Pneumonia (Choice D) often presents with symptoms like fever, productive cough, and chest pain, but not typically a barking cough.
What is the most common cause of abdominal pain in school-aged children?
- A. Gastroenteritis
- B. Constipation
- C. Appendicitis
- D. Irritable bowel syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Constipation is the most common cause of abdominal pain in school-aged children. It is often due to dietary factors such as low fiber intake or insufficient fluid consumption. Chronic constipation can lead to complications like fecal impaction and soiling, highlighting the importance of early recognition and treatment. Gastroenteritis, although common, typically presents with diarrhea and vomiting. Appendicitis is more common in adolescents and typically presents with right lower quadrant pain. Irritable bowel syndrome is less common in children and is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain associated with defecation.
What is the recommended position for a child after a tonsillectomy?
- A. Supine
- B. Prone
- C. Side-lying
- D. Fowler's position
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Side-lying. The side-lying position is recommended after a tonsillectomy to facilitate drainage of secretions and reduce the risk of aspiration. This position helps prevent blood from pooling in the back of the throat, decreasing the chance of bleeding postoperatively. Supine (lying face up), while commonly used in other situations, may not be ideal immediately after a tonsillectomy due to the risk of airway obstruction from blood clots. Prone (lying face down) is not recommended as it can hinder breathing and increase the risk of complications. Fowler's position (semi-sitting) is also not typically used after a tonsillectomy because it may cause discomfort and hinder proper drainage.