Nokea
Which phase of metabolism makes growth and repair possible?
- A. digestion
- B. catabolism
- C. anabolism
- D. ketosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anabolism is the phase of metabolism responsible for building up and repairing tissues in the body. It involves processes that require energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones. Digestion (choice A) is the process of breaking down food into simpler substances for absorption. Catabolism (choice B) involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones with the release of energy. Ketosis (choice D) is a metabolic state where the body uses fat as the primary source of energy, which is not directly related to growth and repair.
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Pepsinogen secreted by the gastric cells is converted into pepsin by:
- A. enterokinase
- B. hydrochloric acid
- C. gastric lipase
- D. pancreatic lipase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pepsinogen is converted into its active form, pepsin, by hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps in unfolding the pepsinogen molecule to transform it into pepsin, which is crucial for protein digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrochloric acid (choice B). Enterokinase (choice A) is an enzyme produced in the small intestine that activates trypsinogen into trypsin, not pepsinogen. Gastric lipase (choice C) is an enzyme that digests fats, not involved in converting pepsinogen to pepsin. Pancreatic lipase (choice D) is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that aids in breaking down fats in the small intestine, not part of the process of pepsin activation.
What can excessive intakes of dietary protein do?
- A. cause vitamin deficiencies.
- B. impair kidney function.
- C. increase weight loss.
- D. decrease production of indispensable amino acids.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excessive intake of dietary protein can lead to impaired kidney function over time. Excessive protein consumption can put a strain on the kidneys as they work to eliminate the byproducts of protein metabolism. This can potentially lead to kidney damage. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Excessive protein intake is not directly linked to causing vitamin deficiencies, increasing weight loss, or decreasing the production of indispensable amino acids.
What group makes each amino acid unique?
- A. Radical group
- B. Amino group
- C. Carboxyl group
- D. Peptide bond
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is the radical group (R-group) because it is the unique side chain that differentiates each amino acid. The amino group (choice B) and carboxyl group (choice C) are functional groups common to all amino acids but do not make them unique. The peptide bond (choice D) is the bond formed between amino acids in a protein chain, not the group that makes each amino acid unique.
Two amino acids are chemically joined by a:
- A. double bond.
- B. hydrogen bond.
- C. carboxyl bond.
- D. peptide bond.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, peptide bond. A peptide bond is formed through a dehydration synthesis reaction between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid. This bond is crucial in protein synthesis. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. A double bond involves sharing two pairs of electrons, a hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, and a carboxyl bond is not a common term in biochemistry.
Which lipoprotein carries fat from a meal just consumed to the liver?
- A. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).
- B. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
- C. Chylomicrons.
- D. High-density lipoprotein (HDL).
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chylomicrons are the lipoproteins responsible for transporting dietary fat from the intestines to various tissues, including the liver. VLDL carries lipids synthesized in the liver, LDL transports cholesterol to tissues, and HDL helps transport cholesterol away from tissues to the liver for excretion. Therefore, in the context of carrying fat from a meal just consumed to the liver, chylomicrons are the correct choice.