Nokea
Which plane divides the body into left and right halves?
- A. Sagittal/Median Plane
- B. Frontal/Coronal Plane
- C. Transverse/Cross-Section Plane
- D. Horizontal Plane
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sagittal/Median Plane. This plane divides the body into left and right halves. The Frontal/Coronal Plane (choice B) divides the body into front and back, while the Transverse/Cross-Section Plane (choice C) divides it into top and bottom. The Horizontal Plane (choice D) divides the body into upper and lower portions. Understanding these planes is essential in anatomy as they help describe the orientation and relationships of body structures.
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How are the motor pathways of the ANS arranged?
- A. Single neuron from CNS to target organ
- B. Two neurons, a pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neuron
- C. Multiple neurons from CNS to target organ
- D. Single neuron from CNS to peripheral ganglia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are organized with two neurons: a pre-ganglionic neuron that transmits the signal from the central nervous system (CNS) to a ganglion, and a post-ganglionic neuron that conveys the signal from the ganglion to the target organ. This dual-neuron pathway enables the integration and modulation of signals before reaching the target organ, allowing for a more sophisticated and adaptable control system. Choice A is incorrect as it describes a single neuron pathway, which is not characteristic of ANS motor pathways. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests multiple neurons from the CNS to the target organ, which is not the typical arrangement. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a single neuron pathway from the CNS to peripheral ganglia, which does not account for the ganglionic transmission in ANS motor pathways.
Which of the following glands helps regulate calcium levels?
- A. Osteotoid gland
- B. Pineal gland
- C. Parathyroid glands
- D. Thymus gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body. They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps control calcium levels in the blood by acting on the bones, kidneys, and intestines. The other options, such as the osteotoid gland, pineal gland, and thymus gland, do not play a significant role in calcium regulation. The osteotoid gland is a fictitious term, the pineal gland is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles and producing melatonin, and the thymus gland is part of the immune system and plays a role in T-cell maturation.
What are the seven components of the digestive system?
- A. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas
- B. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
- C. Esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
- D. Pharynx, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The seven components of the digestive system are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The mouth begins the process of digestion by chewing and mixing food with saliva. The pharynx serves as a passageway for food and air. The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach aids in digestion and acts as a temporary storage site. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. The large intestine absorbs water and salts, forming feces. The rectum stores feces until they are eliminated through the anus. The other choices are incorrect as they do not list all seven essential components of the digestive system.
A child complains of heavy breathing even when relaxing. They are an otherwise healthy child with no history of respiratory problems. What might be the issue?
- A. Asthma
- B. Blood clot
- C. Hyperventilation
- D. Exercising too hard
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In this scenario, where a child complains of heavy breathing even when relaxing and has no history of respiratory problems, the most likely issue is hyperventilation. Hyperventilation is an abnormal breathing pattern where a person breathes in excess of the body's requirements. It can be triggered by stress, anxiety, panic attacks, or lower-than-normal carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Unlike asthma, a blood clot, or exercising too hard, hyperventilation fits the symptoms described and is more common in individuals without a history of respiratory problems.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the forebrain?
- A. To regulate blood pressure and heart rate
- B. To perceive and interpret emotional responses like fear and anger
- C. To perceive and interpret visual input from the eyes
- D. To integrate voluntary movement
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. The forebrain is primarily responsible for higher cognitive functions such as perception, interpretation, and integration of sensory information, emotional responses, and voluntary movements. Functions like regulating blood pressure and heart rate are mainly controlled by various structures in the brainstem, such as the medulla oblongata and the pons. Choices B, C, and D are all functions associated with the forebrain. Choice B relates to the limbic system, which is part of the forebrain responsible for emotional responses. Choice C corresponds to the occipital lobe in the forebrain, involved in processing visual information. Choice D involves the motor cortex and other areas in the forebrain that coordinate voluntary movements.