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Which produces the majority of salivary volume?
- A. lingual glands
- B. sublingual
- C. parotid
- D. submandibular
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: submandibular glands. These glands produce the majority of salivary volume due to their larger size and higher rate of saliva production compared to other salivary glands. Submandibular glands secrete a combination of serous and mucous saliva, contributing to overall saliva volume. The lingual glands (choice A) are smaller and contribute a smaller amount of saliva. The sublingual glands (choice B) are also smaller and produce less saliva compared to the submandibular glands. The parotid glands (choice C) are the largest salivary glands but contribute a smaller volume of saliva compared to the submandibular glands.
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A short-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic drug is:
- A. Atropine
- B. Homatropine
- C. Hyoscine
- D. Tropicamide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Tropicamide. Tropicamide is a short-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic drug commonly used in ophthalmology. It acts quickly, providing temporary dilation of the pupil and relaxation of the ciliary muscle for refraction assessment. Atropine (A) is a long-acting cycloplegic, not short-acting. Homatropine (B) and Hyoscine (C) are also longer-acting drugs compared to Tropicamide. Therefore, D is the correct answer for its rapid onset and short duration of action in dilating the pupil and paralyzing accommodation.
What findings are commonly found in a patient with a prolactinoma?
- A. Gynecomastia in men
- B. Profuse menstruation in women
- C. Excess follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- D. Signs of increased intracranial pressure, including headache, nausea, and vomiting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prolactinomas often cause gynecomastia in men and other symptoms due to increased prolactin secretion.
Pituitary Hormone Triggering the Male Testes to Generate Sperm and in Females, Triggering Follicular Development Every Month Is
- A. Prolactin
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is responsible for triggering follicular development in females and sperm production in males. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, leading to the release of an egg during ovulation. In males, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes to support the development of sperm.
A: Prolactin is not involved in the process of follicular development or sperm production.
B: Growth hormone is not directly related to the regulation of reproductive functions.
D: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation in females and testosterone production in males, but it is not the hormone that triggers follicular development or sperm production.
Which of the following nerves is related to the medial surface of thyroid gland?
- A. External laryngeal nerve
- B. Hypoglossal nerve
- C. Internal laryngeal nerve
- D. Vagus nerve
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: External laryngeal nerve. This nerve runs along the medial surface of the thyroid gland, providing motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue, C: Internal laryngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the larynx, and D: Vagus nerve innervates various organs in the thorax and abdomen.
Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas is considered paracrine because it acts on __________.
- A. the cells that secrete it
- B. distant target organs
- C. cells other than those that secrete it
- D. the hypothalamus to inhibit or activate the secretion of other hormones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because somatostatin acts on nearby cells other than those that secrete it, which is the definition of paracrine signaling. This type of signaling involves the release of signaling molecules that affect neighboring cells within the same tissue or organ. Choices A and B are incorrect because paracrine signaling does not target the cells that secrete the signaling molecule or distant target organs. Choice D is incorrect because the hypothalamus is not typically the target of somatostatin action in the pancreas.