Nokea
Which research method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?
- A. naturalistic observation
- B. structured observation
- C. ethnography
- D. the clinical method
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The clinical method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory. This method involves in-depth, one-on-one interviews or therapy sessions to explore an individual's unconscious thoughts and emotions. It aims to gain insight into the underlying causes of behavior and psychological issues, aligning with the foundational principles of psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud. Choices A, B, and C are not directly associated with psychoanalytic theory. Naturalistic observation, structured observation, and ethnography focus on observing behavior in natural settings, systematic observation in controlled environments, and studying cultures and societies, respectively, which are not specific to the psychoanalytic approach.
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Lanugo ________.
- A. permits food and oxygen to reach the organism
- B. provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements
- C. helps regulate the fetus's body temperature
- D. helps the vernix stick to the skin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lanugo helps the vernix stick to the skin. Vernix is a waxy substance that covers the fetus's skin during pregnancy. Lanugo is a fine, downy hair that helps to anchor the vernix to the skin, providing protection and nourishment to the developing fetus. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the role of lanugo in prenatal development.
Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of __________.
- A. research designs
- B. theories
- C. hypotheses
- D. research methods
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of research methods. Research methods refer to the specific approaches used in conducting research, such as collecting data, analyzing information, and drawing conclusions. In this case, tests and questionnaires are tools used to gather information and data for research purposes, making them examples of research methods. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because research designs refer to the overall structure and plan of a study, theories are explanations developed through research and observation, and hypotheses are specific predictions or statements that can be tested through research.
Where does the male produce sperm, and where are these glands located?
- A. penis; scrotum
- B. scrotum; penis
- C. testes; penis
- D. testes; scrotum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The male produces sperm in the testes, which are two glands located in the scrotum. The scrotum is the external sac that houses and protects the testes, allowing for optimal temperature regulation to support sperm production. Choice A is incorrect because sperm production does not occur in the penis. Choice B is incorrect because the scrotum houses the testes, not the penis. Choice C is incorrect because sperm is produced in the testes, not the penis.
When children are research participants, __________.
- A. Investigators need to seek the opinion of others if in doubt about the harmful effects of research.
- B. They have the right to concealment of their identity on information collected in the course of research.
- C. There is a need to inform them or their parents of the results of the research.
- D. Informed consent of their parents as well as others who act on their behalf should be obtained.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When children are research participants, it is essential to obtain informed consent from their parents or others who act on their behalf. This is to ensure that the child's rights and well-being are protected during the research process. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research involving children, as they may not have the capacity to fully understand the implications of their participation. Choice A is incorrect because seeking the opinion of others when in doubt about harmful effects is not a substitute for informed consent. Choice B is incorrect because children do not have an absolute right to conceal their identity in research, especially when it comes to ensuring their safety and well-being. Choice C is incorrect as it is important to inform children or their parents about the results of the research to maintain transparency and respect for their participation.
Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory __________.
- A. on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events
- B. by conducting studies of animal behavior
- C. on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents
- D. by carefully observing his own children
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events. Freud believed that events in early childhood had a significant impact on an individual's development and personality. He used his patients' recollections of childhood experiences to develop his theories on psychosexual development. Choice B is incorrect as Freud did not base his theory on studies of animal behavior. Choice C is incorrect as Freud's theory was not solely based on interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents. Choice D is incorrect as Freud did not construct his theory by observing his own children.