Nokea
The Water Cycle
Water is needed to sustain practically all life functions on planet Earth. A single drop of this compound is composed of an oxygen atom that shares its electrons with each of the two hydrogen atoms.
The cycle starts when precipitation, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, descends from the sky onto the ground. Water that is not absorbed immediately from the precipitation is known as runoff. The runoff flows across the land and collects in groundwater reservoirs, rivers, streams, and oceans.
Evaporation takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor, which is a gas. Water vapor returns to the air from surface water and plants.
Ultimately, condensation happens when this water vapor cools and changes back into droplets of liquid. In fact, the puffy, cotton clouds that we observe are formed by condensation. When the clouds become heavily laden with liquid droplets, precipitation ensues.
Which sentence uses the word laden the same as in the passage?
- A. As the rain continued, the water trickled down the empty, laden street.
- B. When the storm cleared, you could see the cloudless, laden sky.
- C. The laden trumpets sounded when the stadium became crowded with fans.
- D. The bowl of cereal overflowed when it became too laden with milk.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The sentence 'The bowl of cereal overflowed when it became too laden with milk' uses 'laden' to describe the bowl of cereal as being heavily filled or loaded with milk, similar to how the clouds are described in the passage as being heavily laden with liquid droplets before precipitation occurs. The meaning aligns perfectly with the original context of 'laden.' This choice is the correct answer as it mirrors the usage of 'laden' in the passage.
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The ability to see at a distance, in good light, does not diminish as a result of aging to the extent
that other visual acuities do. Myopia, or nearsightedness, is more common to younger eyes,
while presbyopia, or farsightedness, more commonly afflicts people as they age. The word
presbyopia comes from Greek presbys, "old man," and opia, "eye," and names a condition in
which, because the lens of the eye hardens slightly and loses elasticity as a person ages, one
cannot as easily focus sharply on nearby objects. This condition leads to the familiar habit of
lifting up one's glasses and bringing an object or reading material close to the face so that the
eyes can more easily focus on it. The function of the lens is to accommodate different focal
points so that sensory data can be correctly directed to the retina for interpretation into images by
the brain. Corrective lenses, particularly bifocals or progressive lenses, adjust for the focal point
aberration. In essence, they do the work that the eye can no longer do for itself.
In the context of the passage, what does 'accommodate' mean?
- A. Arrange lodging for
- B. Contain
- C. Make allowances for
- D. Excuse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In the context of the passage, 'accommodate' refers to the function of the lens in the eye to adjust for different focal points, allowing sensory data to be correctly directed to the retina for interpretation into images by the brain. Therefore, 'contain' is the most appropriate definition in this context as it reflects the lens's ability to adapt and encompass various focal points.
Select the meaning of the underlined word in the sentence.
- A. Fevered
- B. Volatile
- C. Stomach
- D. Vision
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The word 'labile' in the sentence refers to something that is likely to change or fluctuate rapidly. In the context provided, the child's labile condition indicates that the child's health is unstable or unpredictable, causing worry to the parents. 'Volatile' means liable to change rapidly and unpredictably, making it the correct interpretation of 'labile' in this sentence.
Nurseries: If you thought nurseries were just for babies, well, think again! Being special kinds of farms, nurseries are used to raise plants in mass quantities. Plants, trees, and shrubs are typically grown in nurseries and then sold to farmers and gardeners to plant in homes, businesses, and farms. Most nurseries are found in the more rural parts of the country because much land is required to have a viable nursery. If a nursery sells plants to others, it must obtain a special permit from the local city or county, which keeps the competition fair and does not saturate the market with a large number of nurseries selling similar products.
Also on the grounds of nurseries are greenhouses which are made of glass or plastic panes that protect the plants from weather elements that may harm them and cause them not to grow and develop. The glass panels in greenhouses allow for sunlight to enter and moisture to be trapped inside. This creates a tropical environment which allows orchids and poinsettias to grow. It ensures that vegetables and fruits will grow large, which makes them valuable to farmers.
In the passage, the word 'panel' means
- A. The part of a vehicle that supports the controls and dials.
- B. A strip of board or other material that forms a section of a wall or door.
- C. A list of jurors.
- D. A strip of material set lengthwise in or on a garment.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A strip of board or other material that forms a section of a wall or door. In the context of the passage, the word 'panel' refers to the glass or plastic panes that make up the structure of greenhouses. Greenhouses are described as having glass panels that allow sunlight to enter and moisture to be trapped inside, creating a specific environment for plant growth. This definition aligns with choice B, as a panel is a section of a wall or door made of a specific material. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not correspond to the definition of 'panel' as used in the passage. Choice A refers to a part of a vehicle, choice C refers to a list of jurors, and choice D refers to a strip of material in a garment, none of which relate to the context of greenhouses described in the passage.
Have you ever found yourself staring at the ceiling at 2:00 a.m.? Have you kicked the blankets off to the floor from tossing and turning? Many longtime suffers of Insomnia know these situations all too well. As many as 17% of Americans find the restful break of sleep hard to achieve.
Lack of sleep affects intellectual abilities at work or school by causing a deficit in memory, attention, and concentration which in turn creates a feeling of irritation or depression. Chronic insomnia can result from a medical illness, a psychiatric condition, or from sleep apnea, a condition where an individual actually stops breathing during sleep. Sleep hygiene, developing good sleep habits, and non- pharmacological therapies such as herbs and spices are some solutions to Insomnia.
How does insomnia affect intellectual abilities?
- A. By developing good sleep habits and using herbs and spices.
- B. To explain the insomnia and propose some solutions for the condition.
- C. Causes a deficit in memory, concentration, and attention.
- D. By watching television before bed.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insomnia affects intellectual abilities by causing a deficit in memory, attention, and concentration. Lack of sleep leads to cognitive impairments that can result in difficulties with memory recall, reduced attention span, and decreased ability to concentrate on tasks. These cognitive deficits can contribute to feelings of irritability and even depression. It is important to address insomnia through proper sleep hygiene practices and non-pharmacological therapies to improve overall cognitive function and well-being.
Over the last few decades, medical experts have changed their thinking on the health effects of some common foods and beverages. Higher-fat foods and some alcoholic beverages like red wine and beer, once viewed as top threats to a healthy lifestyle, are now seen by many as less harmful and even as having some health benefits. But there is perhaps no topic that the medical community has reversed its
thinking on more often than coffee. Since long before the advent of modern medicine, public opinion regarding the health effects of coffee has been diverse and ever-changing. Opinion on coffee's health effects can be traced back several centuries. In the 1600s, doctors in England touted coffee as a cure for alcoholism, but some women complained that coffee was making their husbands impotent. They may have been correct, as caffeine is a
diuretic and can irritate the prostate (dehydration and prostatitis can both lead to erectile dysfunction). In the late 1700s, coffeehouses began opening all over colonial America, where coffee was seen as a healthy stimulant that helped the colonists work longer hours. But by the early 1900s, public concern grew as coffee consumption was blamed for a variety of common ailments, such as nervousness, indigestion, and insomnia. In the 1970s, medical journals published studies that linked coffee consumption with high blood pressure and an increased risk of heart attacks. In 2001, a meta-study indicated that coffee was responsible for a 20% increase in risk for urinary tract cancer. But starting in 2007, to the surprise of many, meta-studies began to show positive health effects of coffee consumption. A 2007 study showed that coffee was viewed by many as "practically a health food." However, CNN also warned that given the long history of flip-flops on the health effects of coffee, medical and public opinion on coffee could easily turn negative again.
Which statement is supported by the passage?
- A. In the 2000s, studies showed negative health effects of coffee consumption.
- B. In the 1600s, some believed that coffee caused erectile dysfunction.
- C. In the late 1900s, public opinion on coffee shifted from positive to negative.
- D. In the 1800s, American colonists saw coffee as a healthy stimulant.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The passage discusses the changing opinions on the health effects of coffee over different time periods. It mentions that in the 1600s, some women complained that coffee was making their husbands impotent, which supports the idea of negative health effects. It also highlights that in the 2000s, studies showed positive health effects of coffee consumption, indicating a shift in thinking. Therefore, choice A is the statement supported by the passage, as it aligns with the information provided.