Which shape of a population pyramid is most consistent with a young population?
- A. Tall, narrow rectangle
- B. Short, wide rectangle
- C. Triangle base down
- D. Triangle base up
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A triangle base down reflects a high proportion of young individuals.
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Standard error is measure of
- A. Conceptual error
- B. Sampling error
- C. Instrumental error
- D. Observer error
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Standard error quantifies the precision of the sample mean as an estimate of the population mean.
Level of resistance of a community or group of people to a particular disease is
- A. Passive immunity
- B. Active immunity
- C. Herd immunity
- D. None of them
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Herd immunity refers to the resistance of a group to the spread of a contagious disease due to a significant proportion being immune.
Acid rain due to
- A. SO2
- B. H2SO4
- C. HCL
- D. b. and c
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acid rain forms primarily from sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides reacting with water vapor.
Identify the type of study design described: Questionnaires were mailed to every 10th person listed in the city telephone directory. Each person was asked to provide his or her age, sex, and smoking habits and to describe the presence of any respiratory symptoms during the preceding 7 days.
- A. Cohort study
- B. Case-control study
- C. Cross-sectional study
- D. Ecological study
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: This survey-based approach is characteristic of a cross-sectional study.
What do vital statistics provide important sources of data on?
- A. Morbidity.
- B. Mortality.
- C. Health-related behaviors.
- D. Injury and disability.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vital statistics also track injuries and disabilities, contributing to a comprehensive health overview.