Nokea
Which stage of Piaget's theory marks the onset of logical thinking?
- A. Sensorimotor
- B. Preoperational
- C. Concrete Operational
- D. Formal Operational
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Concrete Operational stage (C), around age 7-11, marks the onset of logical thinking about concrete events, per Piaget's theory. Earlier stages (A, B) lack this, and Formal Operational (D) involves abstract logic later.
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You are caring for a 13-year-old boy with a diagnosis of conduct disorder. Which of the following would you be most likely to expect given this diagnosis?
- A. Severe separation anxiety from parents
- B. Making up stories to make him appear more important
- C. History of cruelty to schoolmates and pets
- D. Insomnia and anorexia nervosa
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Conduct disorder is associated with long-term problems with defiance, rule-breaking, and violating the basic rights of others, such as cruelty to peers and animals.
A mother discusses her concerns about genetic transmission of schizophrenia with the nurse saying, 'My son is a fraternal twin. He has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Will my other son develop schizophrenia, too?' The response that is both sensitive and shows understanding of the genetic component is:
- A. You poor woman! I wish I could tell you he will be free of the disorder.'
- B. Studies show that 50% of twins develop schizophrenia when it is present in the other twin.'
- C. No one can say what will happen, so we will hope for the best for you and your sons.'
- D. In fraternal twins, the chance of the other twin developing the disorder is quite small.'
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it provides an accurate and sensitive response. Fraternal twins do not share the exact genetic makeup, so the chance of the other twin developing schizophrenia is lower compared to identical twins. This response acknowledges the genetic component of schizophrenia while also offering reassurance based on the understanding of genetic transmission.
Choices A and C are incorrect because they do not provide accurate information about the genetic risk of schizophrenia in fraternal twins and may not offer the mother a clear understanding of the situation. Choice B is incorrect as it provides a generalized statistic for identical twins, not fraternal twins, which could lead to unnecessary anxiety for the mother.
A patient is being discharged after spending six days in the hospital due to depression with suicidal ideation. The psychiatric-mental health nurse knows that an important outcome has been met when the patient states,:
- A. I can't wait to get home and forget that this ever happened'
- B. I feel so much better. If I continue to feel this way, I can probably stop taking my medications soon'
- C. I have a list of support groups and a crisis line that I can call, if I feel suicidal'
- D. I have to leave here soon, if I want to catch the next bus home'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Having resources like support groups and a crisis line indicates readiness for self-management post-discharge.
Which of the following should the nurse use as a basis for explaining the etiology of Alzheimer's disease to the family of a client with this disease?
- A. It is a secondary dementia indicated by loss of recent memory and disorientation to time and place.
- B. It is a primary dementia that is incurable, irreversible, and fatal. It is caused by the presence of a beta-amyloid protein in the neurons resulting in senile plaques.
- C. It is a secondary dementia that is treatable with analysis of the diet and removal of toxic substances from the diet and environment.
- D. It is a primary dementia characterized by stepwise decreases in cognitive abilities. It is irreversible but treatable with antihypertensive medications.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Alzheimer's disease is a primary dementia that is characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid protein in neurons leading to the formation of senile plaques. This explanation is accurate as it describes the key pathological process underlying Alzheimer's disease.
Choice A is incorrect because Alzheimer's disease is a primary dementia, not a secondary dementia. Choice C is incorrect because the etiology of Alzheimer's disease is not related to diet or toxic substances, so it is not treatable in that way. Choice D is incorrect because while Alzheimer's disease is irreversible, it is not treatable with antihypertensive medications as these medications are not effective in managing the disease process of Alzheimer's.
A client, age 42, has been battered by her husband since they were married 8 years ago. Until this hospitalization for major depression, she had avoided dealing with her situation, but she now expresses a desire to deal with the problem. The attacks are occurring more often. Which outcome is realistic for the client?
- A. Citing possible ways she may have contributed to the abusive episodes
- B. Verbalizing an awareness of her increasingly dangerous situation
- C. Setting a goal date for divorcing her husband
- D. Employing methods of retaliating in order to get even with her husband
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Verbalizing an awareness of her increasingly dangerous situation. This choice is the most realistic outcome for the client as it shows an initial step towards acknowledging the severity of her situation. By verbalizing awareness, the client can begin to understand the potential dangers she faces, which is crucial for developing a safety plan and seeking appropriate help.
Choice A is incorrect as it may lead to victim-blaming and does not address the root cause of the abuse. Choice C is premature as setting a goal date for divorcing her husband requires careful planning and consideration of various factors. Choice D is inappropriate as retaliation can escalate the violence and put the client at further risk.
In summary, choice B is the best option as it focuses on increasing the client's awareness of her situation, which is a crucial first step towards addressing and eventually overcoming the abusive relationship.