Nokea
Which statement about prenatal marijuana exposure is true?
- A. It is linked to impulsivity and overactivity.
- B. Lasting consequences are well-established.
- C. Studies show no negative effects of exposure.
- D. It is linked to an array of physical malformations.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'It is linked to impulsivity and overactivity.' Prenatal marijuana exposure has been associated with impulsivity and overactivity in children based on research findings. However, lasting consequences of prenatal marijuana exposure are not as well-established compared to other teratogens. Choice B is incorrect because lasting consequences are not firmly established. Choice C is incorrect because studies have shown negative effects of prenatal marijuana exposure. Choice D is incorrect as prenatal marijuana exposure is not primarily linked to physical malformations.
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Maternal high blood glucose _________.
- A. can cause Rh factor incompatibility
- B. is linked to poorer memory in early childhood
- C. is linked to low birth weight
- D. can cause the mother's blood pressure to increase sharply
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Maternal high blood glucose is linked to poorer memory in early childhood. Research has shown that exposure to high levels of maternal blood glucose during pregnancy may negatively impact a child's memory development in early childhood. This highlights the importance of managing blood glucose levels during pregnancy for the health and development of the child. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not reflect the established link between maternal high blood glucose and poorer memory in early childhood. Rh factor incompatibility is related to blood type differences between the mother and the fetus, low birth weight can be linked to various factors other than maternal blood glucose, and sharp increases in the mother's blood pressure are not directly associated with maternal high blood glucose.
In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to __________.
- A. lower birth weight and higher risk of premature birth
- B. suppressed development of the immune system
- C. serious damage to the central nervous system
- D. improved fetal cardiovascular functioning
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to improved fetal cardiovascular functioning. Regular exercise has been shown to benefit both the mother and baby by promoting better cardiovascular health and overall well-being during pregnancy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as exercise during pregnancy, when done appropriately, does not lead to lower birth weight, higher risk of premature birth, suppressed immune system development, or serious damage to the central nervous system. Instead, it is known to have positive effects on fetal development and maternal health.
What is a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research?
- A. Age-related changes cannot be examined.
- B. Participants often drop out before the study is over.
- C. Factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.
- D. Practice effects often cause biased findings.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: One major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that factors affecting individual development cannot be explored thoroughly. Cross-sectional research involves comparing different groups of people at one specific point in time, and does not allow for tracking individual changes over time. This limitation means that the unique influences and trajectories of individual development may be overlooked in cross-sectional studies. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Choice A is not a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research as age-related changes can still be compared across different groups in this type of study. Choice B, while a potential issue in any study, is not specific to cross-sectional research. Choice D refers to a different type of bias caused by repeated testing rather than a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research.
Ecological systems theory views the person as __________.
- A. a blossoming flower whose development is a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically
- B. developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
- C. a social being influenced primarily by observational learning or adult modeling
- D. a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ecological systems theory views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. This perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals with their social and physical environment, recognizing that development is influenced by various factors interacting at different levels of the ecological system. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a genetically determined development process, which is not the focus of ecological systems theory. Choice C is incorrect because it highlights observational learning as the primary influence on development, neglecting the broader environmental factors. Choice D is incorrect as it compares the person to a computer system, which does not align with the principles of ecological systems theory.
Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of __________.
- A. research designs
- B. theories
- C. hypotheses
- D. research methods
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of research methods. Research methods refer to the specific approaches used in conducting research, such as collecting data, analyzing information, and drawing conclusions. In this case, tests and questionnaires are tools used to gather information and data for research purposes, making them examples of research methods. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because research designs refer to the overall structure and plan of a study, theories are explanations developed through research and observation, and hypotheses are specific predictions or statements that can be tested through research.