Nokea
Which statement describes a limitation of the clinical method?
- A. It may not yield observations typical of participants' behavior in everyday life.
- B. Researchers cannot control conditions under which participants are observed.
- C. The findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant.
- D. It does not usually yield rich, descriptive insights into factors that affect development.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The statement that describes a limitation of the clinical method is that the findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant. The clinical method typically involves in-depth studies of individual participants, which may limit generalizability to a broader population. This means that the findings from a clinical study may not be applicable to other individuals who are not directly involved in the study.
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New evidence suggests that __________.
- A. there is very little cultural diversity in human development
- B. environmental, but not personal, contexts shape development
- C. development occurs in a neat, orderly sequence of stages unaffected by distinct contexts
- D. people not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the statement aligns with the concept of reciprocal influences in human development. The new evidence suggests that individuals are not only influenced by the contexts in which they develop but also contribute to shaping those contexts. This idea highlights the dynamic and interactive nature of human development, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between individuals and their environments.
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory all stress __________.
- A. nature over nurture
- B. changes in thinking
- C. unconscious motives and drives
- D. the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotskyƒ¢¢â€š¬¢â€ž¢s sociocultural theory all stress changes in thinking. These theories focus on how cognitive abilities develop over time, emphasizing the growth and transformation of thinking processes rather than static traits or characteristics.
Increasingly, researchers __________.
- A. assume that development stops at adolescence
- B. view old age as a period of decline
- C. view heredity as more influential than the environment
- D. see development as a perpetually ongoing process
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Increasingly, researchers see development as a perpetually ongoing process. This perspective emphasizes that development continues throughout the lifespan, rather than stopping at a particular age like adolescence. Researchers now focus on understanding how individuals change and grow over time, recognizing that development is a lifelong journey influenced by both biological and environmental factors.
Dr. Whiren studies how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Dr. Whiren's research best aligns with the perspective of which theorist?
- A. Jean Piaget
- B. John Bowlby
- C. Lev Vygotsky
- D. Erik Erikson
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dr. Whiren's study on how culture is transmitted to the next generation aligns best with the perspective of Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky was a developmental psychologist who emphasized the importance of social interactions and cultural influences in shaping cognitive development. He believed that children learn through interactions with others and that culture plays a significant role in this learning process.
During her labor, Renee asks for a mild dose of painkillers to help her relax. Renee will probably be given __________.
- A. an anesthetic
- B. an analgesic
- C. folic acid
- D. an anti-inflammatory medication
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Renee will likely be given an analgesic during her labor to help manage her pain and provide relaxation. Analgesics are painkillers that can help reduce pain without causing loss of consciousness, making them suitable for labor pain management. Examples of analgesics commonly used during labor include opioids like morphine and non-opioids like acetaminophen.