Nokea
Which statement provides an example of objective data?
- A. The wife states the patient was confused last night.
- B. Grimacing with movement is present during the examination.
- C. The patient reports moderate alcohol consumption.
- D. The patient states pain is severe.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Grimacing with movement (B) is objective data, as it's a visible, measurable sign observed during examination, per the text. The wife's report (A), patient's alcohol consumption (C), and pain rating (D) are subjective, based on statements not directly verifiable by the nurse. The text clarifies objective data includes physical exam findings, distinguishing B as the correct example.
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A noncompetitive antagonist
- A. binds to the same receptor site as the binding site for the agonist.
- B. causes a shift to the right in the dose-response curve.
- C. enhances the maximal response of the agonist.
- D. reduces the maximal response of the agonist.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Noncompetitive antagonists reduce maximal response (D) by binding different sites, per the text, making it correct. A is competitive, B is competitive effect, C is false, confirming D.
Very large polymeric cationic exchange resins:
- A. Niacin
- B. Colestipol
- C. Pravastatin
- D. Clofibrate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: B' is correct because colestipol, a bile acid-binding resin, is a large polymeric cationic exchanger that sequesters bile acids, per chemistry. 'A' (niacin) is a vitamin. 'C' (pravastatin) is a statin. 'D' (clofibrate) is a fibrate. Colestipol's structure defines its class.
Clinical studies of drugs first involve human volunteers during which phase of drug testing?
- A. Phase 1
- B. Phase 2
- C. Phase 3
- D. Phase 4
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phase 1 (A) first uses healthy human volunteers for safety, per the text, making it correct. Phases 2, 3, and 4 follow, ruling out B, C, and D.
Which of these oral antidiabetic drugs increases the risk of bladder cancer and bone fractures?
- A. Pioglitazone
- B. Metformin
- C. Canagliflozin
- D. Liraglutide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pioglitazone (Choice A), a PPAR-gamma agonist, is linked to bladder cancer and bone fractures, making it correct. Metformin (Choice B) lacks these risks, canagliflozin (Choice C) causes fractures but not bladder cancer, and liraglutide (Choice D) has no such associations, confirming A.
The ability of a drug to produce the desired effect
- A. potency
- B. quality
- C. efficacy
- D. purity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Efficacy' is correct because it measures a drug's ability to achieve its intended therapeutic outcome, a core pharmacology term. 'Potency' is strength or concentration, not effect itself. 'Quality' is production standard, not effect. 'Purity' is cleanliness, not effectiveness. Efficacy is distinct as it focuses on clinical outcome, not just strength or composition, per standard definitions.