Nokea
Which structure in the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?
- A. Right ventricle
- B. Left ventricle
- C. Left atrium
- D. Right atrium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The left ventricle is the chamber responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and contracts to push this blood out to the rest of the body through the aorta. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, making choices A, C, and D incorrect for this function. Therefore, the correct answer is B, the Left ventricle.
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What is the role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?
- A. To regulate blood pressure
- B. To contract and expand the lungs
- C. To produce red blood cells
- D. To absorb oxygen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To contract and expand the lungs. The diaphragm plays a crucial role in the respiratory system by contracting and expanding the lungs. When it contracts, it flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing air to be drawn into the lungs. Conversely, when it relaxes, it moves back up, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume and pushing air out of the lungs. This process is essential for breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The diaphragm is not involved in regulating blood pressure, producing red blood cells, or absorbing oxygen. Its primary function is to aid in respiration by facilitating breathing through its contraction and relaxation movements.
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a high percentage of CO2 and a very low percentage of O2 in the blood?
- A. Asphyxia
- B. Emphysema
- C. Eupnea
- D. Hypoxia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Asphyxia is the correct answer as it refers to a condition with high CO2 and low O2 levels in the blood. Asphyxia can result in oxygen deprivation and excess carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, posing a life-threatening situation if not treated promptly. Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulties. Eupnea denotes normal breathing without any abnormalities. Hypoxia, on the other hand, involves low oxygen levels reaching the body's tissues, which can result from various causes such as reduced oxygen in the air or respiratory issues.
If an atom has 32 neutrons, 17 protons, and 19 electrons, what is its charge?
- A. Positive
- B. Negative
- C. Neutral
- D. Cannot be determined
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An atom's charge is determined by the difference between the number of protons and electrons. Since the atom has 17 protons and 19 electrons, the net charge is positive. The excess of two electrons compared to protons results in a positive charge. Choice B (Negative) is incorrect because the atom has more protons than electrons, leading to a positive charge. Choice C (Neutral) is incorrect because the atom has an imbalance between protons and electrons, resulting in a charge. Choice D (Cannot be determined) is incorrect as the charge can be determined based on the given information.
What type of muscle is found in the walls of the heart?
- A. Smooth muscle
- B. Cardiac muscle
- C. Skeletal muscle
- D. Voluntary muscle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is the specialized muscle found in the walls of the heart. It contracts involuntarily to pump blood throughout the body, ensuring circulation. Smooth muscle is typically found in organs like the intestines and blood vessels, aiding in their functions. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and plays a vital role in movement and posture. Voluntary muscle is a general term for skeletal muscles that are under conscious control, unlike cardiac muscle which contracts involuntarily to maintain the heart's continuous pumping action.
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for adding a nucleotide to a growing DNA chain?
- A. Helicase
- B. Ligase
- C. Nuclease
- D. Polymerase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is Polymerase. Polymerase is the enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to a growing DNA chain during DNA replication. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix to separate the DNA strands for replication, Ligase joins DNA fragments together by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between them, and Nuclease cuts or degrades DNA strands. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of adding nucleotides to a growing DNA chain.