Nokea
Which term describes a position closer to the center of the body?
- A. Distal
- B. Proximal
- C. Lateral
- D. Medial
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximal. Proximal is used to describe a position closer to the center of the body. Distal, the incorrect choice, refers to a position farther away from the center. Lateral, another incorrect choice, indicates a position on the side of the body. Medial, also an incorrect option, describes a position towards the middle or midline of the body.
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What are the four main regions of the stomach?
- A. Pylorus, cecum, fundus, body
- B. Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
- C. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum
- D. Cardia, fundus, body, ileum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus. The four main regions of the stomach are the cardia (where food enters), fundus (upper part), body (largest part), and pylorus (exit part to the small intestine). These regions play specific roles in the digestion process. Choice A is incorrect because the cecum is part of the large intestine, not the stomach. Choice C lists parts of the small intestine, not the stomach. Choice D is incorrect as the ileum is the last part of the small intestine, not a region of the stomach.
Which muscle is voluntary, striated, and found attached to bones?
- A. Smooth muscle
- B. Skeletal muscle
- C. Cardiac muscle
- D. Epithelial muscle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is both voluntary and striated, as well as attached to bones, allowing for movement. Smooth muscle, on the other hand, is involuntary and typically found in the walls of internal organs, controlling functions like digestion. Cardiac muscle is also striated, but it is involuntary and specifically found in the heart, responsible for cardiac contractions to pump blood. 'Epithelial muscle' is an incorrect term; epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that forms the linings of various body surfaces and structures, not a muscle type.
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the cell?
- A. Nucleus
- B. Mitochondria
- C. Golgi apparatus
- D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. The other organelles listed, such as the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and ribosome, have different functions within the cell and are not directly involved in energy production. The nucleus is responsible for storing genetic material and controlling cell activities. The Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
What is a monohybrid cross, and what is the ratio of dominant to recessive gene manifestation?
- A. A cross involving two traits, 9:3:3:1
- B. A cross involving one trait, 3:1
- C. A cross involving two traits, 1:2:1
- D. A cross involving one trait, 1:1
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross involving one trait. The ratio of dominant to recessive gene manifestation in the offspring is typically 3:1 when both parents are heterozygous. This ratio is the genotypic ratio, not just the phenotype ratio, where the dominant allele is present in 3 out of 4 offspring, and the recessive allele is present in 1 out of 4 offspring. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a dihybrid cross ratio. Choice C is incorrect as it represents the genotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross involving incomplete dominance. Choice D is incorrect as it does not reflect the typical ratio for a monohybrid cross.
Which of the following statements is not true about the relationship between the gastrointestinal system and the endocrine system?
- A. Hormones signal to your body whether you are hungry or full.
- B. Hormones regulate the amount of glucose in your blood.
- C. Hormones stimulate digestive enzymes and peristalsis when you've eaten and need to digest food.
- D. All of the above are true.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The gastrointestinal system and the endocrine system are closely interconnected. Hormones released by the endocrine system play a crucial role in signaling hunger or fullness, regulating blood glucose levels, and stimulating digestive processes like enzyme secretion and peristalsis for efficient food digestion. Option D, stating 'All of the above are true,' is incorrect in the context of the question because there is a need to identify the statement that is not true about the relationship between the gastrointestinal system and the endocrine system. Choices A, B, and C are all correct statements that reflect the close relationship and interactions between the gastrointestinal and endocrine systems.