Nokea
Which term describes the allele for green eyes?
- A. Dominant
- B. Recessive
- C. Homozygous
- D. Heterozygous
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is 'B: Recessive.' In genetics, eye color is determined by multiple genes, with green eyes often being associated with a recessive allele. When an individual carries two copies of the recessive allele for green eyes, they will express this eye color. Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles. Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a particular gene, and heterozygous refers to having two different alleles. In this context, the allele for green eyes is recessive, meaning it is expressed only when an individual carries two copies of this specific allele. Therefore, 'Recessive' is the most appropriate term to describe the allele for green eyes, making it the correct answer.
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Which of the following is an example of the location and function of cartilage in the body?
- A. The dense connective tissue that makes up the majority of the structural skeleton
- B. The supportive pads that provide cushioning at joints, such as between the vertebrae of the spinal cord
- C. The connective structure made of fibrous collagen that connects muscles and bones
- D. The layer beneath the skin and on the outside of internal organs that provides cushioning and protection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cartilage is a type of flexible connective tissue that acts as supportive pads providing cushioning at joints, like those found between the vertebrae of the spine. This specific function of cartilage helps in reducing friction and absorbing shock in these areas, contributing to joint flexibility and protection. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe the function and location of cartilage in the body. Option A incorrectly refers to dense connective tissue, which is different from cartilage. Option C describes tendons or ligaments, which are not cartilage. Option D refers to adipose tissue, which is a type of connective tissue that stores fat and provides insulation, but it is not cartilage.
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the relationship between genes and chromosomes?
- A. Each gene contains multiple chromosomes.
- B. Each chromosome contains multiple genes.
- C. Genes and chromosomes are two different things referring to the same entity.
- D. Genes and chromosomes are not interchangeable terms and do not always occur in equal numbers.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Each chromosome contains multiple genes. Genes, which are segments of DNA, are located on chromosomes and carry hereditary information. Chromosomes contain many genes, indicating that genes are part of the structure of chromosomes. Choice A is incorrect because genes do not contain chromosomes; rather, they are located on chromosomes. Choice C is incorrect as genes and chromosomes are distinct entities with different functions. Choice D is incorrect because genes and chromosomes are related but not in equal numbers; chromosomes contain multiple genes, but the number of genes can vary between chromosomes.
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood back to the heart?
- A. Pulmonary vein
- B. Pulmonary artery
- C. Aorta
- D. Superior vena cava
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The corrected question is asking for a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood back to the heart. The pulmonary vein is the correct choice as it carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart during systemic circulation. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body. The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body back to the heart.
Which of the following quantities do catalysts alter to control the rate of a chemical reaction?
- A. Substrate energy
- B. Activation energy
- C. Inhibitor energy
- D. Promoter energy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Activation energy. Catalysts function by reducing the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to proceed. By lowering the activation energy, catalysts facilitate the reaction without being consumed themselves. Substrate energy, inhibitors, and promoters are not directly altered by catalysts in the same way activation energy is. Substrate energy refers to the energy of the reactants, which is not altered by catalysts. Inhibitors increase the activation energy required for a reaction, while promoters enhance the effectiveness of a catalyst but do not represent a quantity altered by catalysts.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of a physiological structure?
- A. The trachea connects the throat and the stomach.
- B. The esophagus joins the larynx with the lungs.
- C. The diaphragm controls the height of the thoracic cavity.
- D. The epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway. This action helps direct food into the esophagus, ensuring proper passage into the digestive system and avoiding potential choking or aspiration into the lungs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi, the esophagus connects the throat to the stomach, and the diaphragm is a muscle that plays a vital role in breathing by separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, aiding in respiration.