Which term refers to a position farther from the midline of the body? For example, the little toe is lateral to the big toe on the same foot.
- A. Lateral
- B. Medial
- C. Proximal
- D. Distal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lateral. Lateral refers to a position farther away from the midline of the body. In the example provided, the little toe is indeed lateral to the big toe on the same foot. This is in contrast to 'medial,' which means closer to the midline. 'Proximal' refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body, while 'distal' refers to a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
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What is the basic structure of an atom?
- A. Protons, neutrons, electrons
- B. Protons, electrons, ions
- C. Neutrons, electrons, ions
- D. Protons, ions, molecules
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The basic structure of an atom consists of protons and neutrons located in the nucleus, with electrons orbiting around the nucleus in specific energy levels or shells. Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons carry no charge, and electrons carry a negative charge. This arrangement maintains the overall neutrality of the atom, with the number of protons equaling the number of electrons. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Protons, neutrons, electrons.' Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the fundamental components of an atom. Choice B includes 'ions,' which are charged particles, not fundamental components of an atom. Choice C includes 'ions' and lacks protons. Choice D includes 'ions' and 'molecules,' which are not part of the basic structure of an atom.
Which of the following systems does not include a transportation network throughout the body?
- A. Cardiovascular system
- B. Endocrine system
- C. Immune system
- D. Nervous system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The endocrine system does not include a transportation network throughout the body. While the cardiovascular system transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients, the immune system has lymphatic vessels for immune cell transportation, and the nervous system transmits signals via neurons. In contrast, the endocrine system coordinates bodily functions by releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream, which then act on target organs or tissues. This delivery mechanism is different from the continuous transportation networks found in the other systems listed, making the endocrine system the correct choice for this question.
What are the primary differences between systemic and pulmonary circulation?
- A. Systemic circulation is shorter and has lower blood pressure
- B. Pulmonary circulation is shorter and has higher blood pressure
- C. Systemic circulation is longer and has higher blood pressure
- D. Systemic circulation is shorter but has higher blood pressure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Systemic circulation is longer as it involves carrying oxygenated blood throughout the body, requiring higher blood pressure. Pulmonary circulation is shorter and involves the flow of blood only through the lungs, hence having lower blood pressure. Therefore, systemic circulation is longer and has higher blood pressure compared to pulmonary circulation. Choice A is incorrect as systemic circulation is longer, not shorter, and has higher blood pressure. Choice B is incorrect as pulmonary circulation has lower blood pressure, not higher. Choice D is incorrect as systemic circulation is longer, not shorter, despite having higher blood pressure.
What are the components of the male external genitalia and their functions?
- A. Prostate gland: produces seminal fluid
- B. Scrotum: protects and maintains the temperature of the testes
- C. Penis: delivers sperm to female reproductive tract
- D. Urethra: conducts urine out of the body
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The penis is responsible for delivering sperm to the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse. The scrotum is not involved in producing sperm but rather protects and regulates the temperature of the testes, which is essential for sperm production. The prostate gland is involved in producing seminal fluid, not sperm. The urethra serves the purpose of conducting urine out of the body and also acts as a passage for semen during ejaculation.
What is the process by which ribosomes use transcribed RNA to assemble the required protein?
- A. Translation
- B. Transcription
- C. Replication
- D. Duplication
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Translation is the correct process where ribosomes decode mRNA to synthesize proteins, following the sequence of codons in the mRNA. During translation, ribosomes use the transcribed RNA (mRNA) as a template to assemble amino acids into a protein according to the genetic code carried by the mRNA.
Choice B, Transcription, is incorrect as it is the process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template. Choice C, Replication, is also incorrect as it involves the duplication of DNA to produce an identical copy. Choice D, Duplication, is not a biological term related to protein synthesis, making it an incorrect choice.