Nokea
Which test evaluates a patient's coordination and balance?
- A. The finger-to-nose and heel-to-shin tests.
- B. The Snellen chart test for visual acuity.
- C. The Rinne and Weber tests for hearing.
- D. The Romberg test for proprioception.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The finger-to-nose and heel-to-shin tests assess coordination and balance. The Snellen chart tests vision, the Rinne and Weber tests assess hearing, and the Romberg test evaluates proprioception.
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Within what approximate time frame does necrosis (cell death) occur because of lack of blood, oxygen, and glucose supplied to the brain?
- A. at least 30 minutes
- B. 20-25 minutes
- C. 12-18 minutes
- D. 4-10 minutes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Necrosis, or cell death, can occur within 4-10 minutes of interrupted blood flow to the brain. This underscores the importance of rapid intervention during a stroke to minimize brain damage and improve outcomes.
You are caring for a patient who has just had open carpal tunnel release surgery. The surgeon has requested that the patient's hand and arm remain elevated above the level of the heart after the surgery. This is to
- A. Reduce lymphatic drainage.
- B. Reduce postoperative swelling.
- C. Restrict hand movements.
- D. Decrease possibility of nosocomial infection.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Elevation reduces swelling by improving venous and lymphatic return.
An action potential:
- A. is essential for nerve impulse propagation
- B. involves the influx of negative ions to depolarize the membrane
- C. involves the outflux of negative ions to depolarize the membrane
- D. involves the outflux of positive ions to depolarize the membrane
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An action potential is essential for nerve impulse propagation, as it is the electrical signal that travels along the neuron. It involves the influx of positive sodium ions to depolarize the membrane, not negative ions or potassium ion movements. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Which chronic neurologic disorder involves a deficiency of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the basal ganglia and extrapyramidal system?
- A. Myasthenia gravis
- B. Parkinson's disease
- C. Huntington's disease
- D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Parkinson's disease is characterized by deficiencies of acetylcholine and GABA
Which of the following can NOT be prevented with a vaccine?
- A. tetanus
- B. pneumococcal meningitis
- C. meningococcal meningitis
- D. listeriosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: listeriosis. Listeriosis is caused by a bacterium and there is currently no vaccine available for it. Tetanus, pneumococcal meningitis, and meningococcal meningitis, on the other hand, are all preventable with vaccines. Tetanus is prevented by the DTaP vaccine, pneumococcal meningitis by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and meningococcal meningitis by the meningococcal vaccine. Therefore, listeriosis is the only condition among the options that cannot be prevented with a vaccine.