Nokea
Which type of isomerism arises due to differences in the arrangement of atoms around a double bond?
- A. Chain isomerism
- B. Functional group isomerism
- C. Cis-trans isomerism
- D. Stereoisomerism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cis-trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism, arises due to differences in the arrangement of atoms around a double bond. In cis isomers, similar groups are on the same side of the double bond, while in trans isomers, similar groups are on opposite sides of the double bond. This type of isomerism is a subset of stereoisomerism, which includes all isomers that have the same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement. Chain isomerism involves differences in the carbon chain arrangement, functional group isomerism involves different functional groups, and stereoisomerism is a broader category that encompasses isomers with the same connectivity but different spatial arrangement.
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Which blood type is considered a universal donor?
- A. A
- B. B
- C. AB
- D. O
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Blood type O is considered the universal donor because individuals with type O blood can donate red blood cells to individuals with any ABO blood type (A, B, AB, or O) without causing an adverse reaction. Type O blood lacks A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells, minimizing the risk of an immune response when transfused into individuals with different blood types. Therefore, type O blood is in high demand for blood transfusions in emergency situations when the recipient's blood type is unknown or when there is a shortage of specific blood types. Choices A, B, and AB are not considered universal donors. Individuals with blood types A, B, or AB can only donate to individuals with compatible blood types to avoid adverse reactions since they have A and/or B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, making them incompatible with all blood types.
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, and is considered a key player in the endocrine system?
- A. Amygdala
- B. Hippocampus
- C. Hypothalamus
- D. Thalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, making it a vital component in maintaining homeostasis. It also plays a crucial role in the endocrine system by controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The amygdala primarily processes emotions, the hippocampus is associated with memory formation, and the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information. Therefore, the hypothalamus is the correct answer as it directly regulates the physiological processes mentioned in the question.
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate?
- A. Somatic nervous system
- B. Autonomic nervous system
- C. Peripheral nervous system
- D. Central nervous system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The autonomic nervous system is the correct answer. It is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and other automatic processes in the body. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, making choice A incorrect. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, which is not directly responsible for these involuntary functions, making choice C incorrect. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, but it is not primarily responsible for regulating involuntary functions, making choice D incorrect.
Which gland produces the hormone responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response in stressful situations?
- A. Thyroid gland
- B. Pituitary gland
- C. Adrenal gland
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Adrenal gland. The hormone responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response in stressful situations is produced by the adrenal gland. This hormone is called adrenaline (epinephrine) and is released in response to stress, preparing the body to either fight the stressor or flee from it. The other choices are incorrect because the thyroid gland primarily produces hormones that regulate metabolism, the pituitary gland produces various hormones that control other endocrine glands, and the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
Which property of matter refers to the force of gravity acting on an object?
- A. Mass
- B. Weight
- C. Density
- D. Volume
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Weight is the property of matter that refers to the force of gravity acting on an object. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, not affected by gravity. Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance, not directly related to gravity. Volume is the amount of space that an object occupies, not a measure of gravity's force.