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Which type of medication helps to reduce blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels?
- A. Calcium channel blocker
- B. ACE inhibitor
- C. Beta-blocker
- D. Diuretic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Calcium channel blocker. These medications work by blocking calcium from entering the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels, causing them to relax and dilate, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure. ACE inhibitors (B) work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. Beta-blockers (C) decrease heart rate and contractility but do not directly relax blood vessels. Diuretics (D) increase urine output to lower blood volume and pressure but do not directly act on blood vessels.
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Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body?
- A. Left atrium
- B. Right atrium
- C. Left ventricle
- D. Right ventricle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the left ventricle. The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the left atrium and pumps it to the rest of the body via the aorta. This chamber has thicker muscular walls compared to the right ventricle to generate enough force to propel blood throughout the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs but does not pump blood out to the body. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle, which then pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the function of the heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
What is a type of medication that helps to prevent blood clots by thinning the blood?
- A. Anticoagulant
- B. Beta-blocker
- C. ACE inhibitor
- D. Calcium channel blocker
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anticoagulant. Anticoagulants prevent blood clots by inhibiting the blood's ability to clot. They do not actually thin the blood, but rather prevent clots from forming. Beta-blockers (B), ACE inhibitors (C), and Calcium channel blockers (D) are not used to prevent blood clots. Beta-blockers are used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions, ACE inhibitors are used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, and Calcium channel blockers are used to treat high blood pressure and certain heart conditions.
Which of the following is a central vasoconstrictor and peripheral vasodilator?
- A. Parasympathetic nervous system
- B. Sympathetic nervous system
- C. Dopamine
- D. Epinephrine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Epinephrine. Epinephrine acts as a central vasoconstrictor by constricting blood vessels in vital organs to redirect blood flow to muscles during fight-or-flight response. It also acts as a peripheral vasodilator by dilating blood vessels in skeletal muscles to increase oxygen delivery. Parasympathetic nervous system (A) mainly promotes relaxation, sympathetic nervous system (B) typically causes vasoconstriction, and dopamine (C) has limited vasoactive effects.
Which of the following structures of the heart is called the pacemaker of the heart?
- A. AV junction
- B. SA node
- C. AV node
- D. Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The sinoatrial (SA) node initiates and regulates the heartbeat, acting as the heart's natural pacemaker.
What term describes a condition where a person experiences difficulty breathing when lying flat and requires multiple pillows to sleep comfortably?
- A. Orthopnea
- B. Dyspnea
- C. Tachypnea
- D. Bradypnea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing when lying flat, relieved by sitting up.
2. Dyspnea is a general term for difficulty breathing, not specific to lying flat.
3. Tachypnea is rapid breathing, not related to difficulty breathing when lying flat.
4. Bradypnea is slow breathing, not related to difficulty breathing when lying flat.
Thus, the correct answer is A (Orthopnea), as it specifically describes the condition of requiring multiple pillows to sleep comfortably due to difficulty breathing when lying flat.