Nokea
Which type of muscles are involved in peristalsis?
- A. Smooth muscles
- B. Cardiac muscles
- C. Skeletal muscles
- D. Epaxial muscles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peristalsis is a coordinated, wave-like muscular contraction that propels food and other materials through the digestive tract. Smooth muscles are responsible for this movement in the gastrointestinal tract, providing the involuntary contractions needed for peristalsis to occur. Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and epaxial muscles are not directly involved in peristalsis. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are responsible for its contraction. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and control voluntary movements. Epaxial muscles are located along the vertebral column and are involved in the movement and stabilization of the spine.
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Which gland is located superior to the kidney?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Adrenal
- C. Hypothalamus
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The adrenal gland is located superior to the kidney. Each kidney is surrounded by an adrenal gland, also known as the suprarenal gland, situated on top of the kidneys. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain, while the hypothalamus (C) is also in the brain, above the pituitary gland. The pancreas (D) is located in the abdomen, near the stomach and small intestine, not superior to the kidney.
Which organ system is primarily responsible for integrating voluntary movements?
- A. Cardiovascular system
- B. Digestive system
- C. Respiratory system
- D. Nervous system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nervous system. The nervous system is primarily responsible for integrating voluntary movements. This system includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves that communicate signals throughout the body to control movement. The brain interprets sensory information, formulates decisions, and sends signals to the muscles to execute voluntary movements. The cardiovascular system is responsible for circulating blood, the digestive system for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients, and the respiratory system for gas exchange in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not play a primary role in integrating voluntary movements.
Which is an anterior feature of the human head?
- A. The nose
- B. The ears
- C. The occipital lobe
- D. The temporal lobe
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nose is an anterior feature of the human head, located in the frontal part of the face. It plays a vital role in the respiratory system by allowing air to enter and exit the body. Additionally, the nose contains olfactory receptors that enable the sense of smell. The ears, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe are not anterior features of the human head. The ears are located on the sides, the occipital lobe is at the back of the head, and the temporal lobe is on the sides and base of the cerebral cortex.
What is the normal pH of human arterial blood?
- A. 6.8
- B. 7.4
- C. 7.9
- D. 8.2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The normal pH of human arterial blood is approximately 7.4. This slightly alkaline pH is crucial for the proper functioning of enzymes and biochemical processes in the body. Any significant deviation from this pH level can result in serious health issues such as acidosis or alkalosis. Choice A (6.8) is incorrect as it is lower than the normal pH of arterial blood, indicating acidity. Choice C (7.9) and Choice D (8.2) are incorrect as they are higher than the normal pH of arterial blood, indicating alkalinity.
Which cut is considered a cross section?
- A. A sagittal or frontal section
- B. A cut along the coronal plane
- C. A cut along the median plane
- D. A cut through the transverse plane
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: A cut through the transverse plane. A transverse plane cut, also known as a cross-section, divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions. This type of cut is perpendicular to the long axis of the body and is commonly used in medical imaging to display internal structures and organs in a horizontal view. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because a sagittal or frontal section (A) divides the body into left and right portions, a cut along the coronal plane (B) separates the body into anterior and posterior parts, and a cut along the median plane (C) divides the body into equal left and right halves.