Nokea
Which type of nutrients require minimal digestion before absorption?
- A. Carbohydrates
- B. Proteins
- C. Fats
- D. Vitamins
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A) Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates require digestion by enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine before they can be broken down into simple sugars for absorption.
B) Proteins: Proteins need to be broken down into amino acids by stomach acid and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine before they can be absorbed.
C) Fats: Fats require bile from the gallbladder to emulsify them into smaller droplets for enzymes to break them down into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption.
D) Vitamins: Vitamins are organic compounds that are already in a form that can be readily absorbed by the body without extensive digestion. They are absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestine and do not require significant breakdown before absorption.
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What is the muscular sac that stores urine until it is released from the body known as?
- A. Urethra
- B. Bladder
- C. Ureter
- D. Nephron
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The bladder is the muscular sac that stores urine until it is released from the body. It acts as a reservoir for urine until it is eliminated through the urethra. The urethra is the tube responsible for carrying urine from the bladder to the outside. The ureter transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney involved in the filtration of blood and urine production. Therefore, the correct answer is the bladder, as it specifically fulfills the function of storing urine before its elimination.
In the K-capture process, a type of electron capture, from which electron shell does the electron get captured?
- A. The outermost s-orbital
- B. An inner p-orbital
- C. An inner d-orbital
- D. Any available electron shell
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The K-capture process involves the capture of an electron from the innermost electron shell, known as the K-shell. The K-shell comprises s and p orbitals. During the K-capture process, an electron is specifically captured from an inner p-orbital within the K-shell. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because K-capture involves capturing an electron from the innermost shell (K-shell) which consists of s and p orbitals, not the outermost s-orbital, inner d-orbital, or any available electron shell.
Isotopes are variants of a single element that differ in:
- A. Having the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons
- B. Having the same number of neutrons but varying numbers of protons
- C. Having the same mass but different atomic numbers
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Isotopes are variants of a single element that have the same number of protons, the defining characteristic of an element. They differ in the number of neutrons they possess, leading to isotopes having different atomic masses while retaining the same chemical properties. Choice B is incorrect because isotopes have the same number of neutrons and differ in the number of protons. Choice C is incorrect because isotopes have different masses due to varying numbers of neutrons, not different atomic numbers. Choice D is incorrect as isotopes do differ in the number of neutrons they possess.
Why do Neon (Ne) and Helium (He) belong to Group 18 (Noble Gases)?
- A. Electromagnetism
- B. Gravity
- C. Strong nuclear force
- D. Weak nuclear force
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neon (Ne) and Helium (He) belong to Group 18 (Noble Gases) because they have complete and stable outer electron shells. The stability of these outer electron shells is due to the balance of attractive forces between the positively charged protons in the nucleus and the negatively charged electrons in the outer shell. This balance is maintained by the electromagnetic force, which is responsible for holding atoms together and determining their chemical properties. Gravity (Choice B) is a force of attraction between objects with mass and is not responsible for the stability of electron shells. The strong nuclear force (Choice C) and weak nuclear force (Choice D) are forces that act within the nucleus of an atom and are not directly related to the stability of outer electron shells in determining an element's group in the periodic table.
Which type of muscle is characterized by involuntary contractions, is striated, and is primarily found in the heart?
- A. Skeletal muscle
- B. Smooth muscle
- C. Cardiac muscle
- D. Elastic muscle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle fits the description provided in the question as it exhibits involuntary contractions, striations, and is predominantly located in the heart. Skeletal muscle, while also striated, is voluntary and not involuntary like cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle lacks striations and is typically found in the walls of internal organs. Elastic muscle is not a recognized type of muscle tissue in human anatomy, making it an incorrect choice.