Nokea
While conducting a literature review for an evidence-based project, the nurse recognizes that which type of study represents the lowest level of evidence?
- A. Case reports
- B. Cohort studies
- C. Randomized control trials
- D. Cross-sectional studies
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Case reports. Case reports represent the lowest level of evidence because they are anecdotal, describing observations of individual cases without control groups or systematic data collection. They lack generalizability and are subject to bias. Cohort studies (B), randomized control trials (C), and cross-sectional studies (D) are higher levels of evidence with more rigorous study designs and stronger ability to establish causation and relationships between variables. Cohort studies follow a group over time, RCTs involve random allocation of participants into groups, and cross-sectional studies provide a snapshot of a population at a specific point in time.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which intervention by the nurse is an example of a tertiary prevention strategy to improve environmental health?
- A. Conducting risk assessments for environmental contaminants
- B. Developing emergency response plans for environmental hazards
- C. Performing regular community environmental health assessments
- D. Implementing pollution prevention strategies
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D - Implementing pollution prevention strategies
Rationale: Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of disease or injury by minimizing disability and promoting rehabilitation. Implementing pollution prevention strategies falls under tertiary prevention as it focuses on reducing exposure to harmful environmental factors, thereby preventing further health complications. This intervention directly addresses the root cause of environmental health issues by mitigating pollution, which can lead to improved health outcomes for individuals and communities.
Summary of other choices:
A: Conducting risk assessments for environmental contaminants - This falls under primary prevention as it aims to identify and prevent exposure to environmental hazards before they occur.
B: Developing emergency response plans for environmental hazards - This falls under secondary prevention as it focuses on early detection and prompt intervention during environmental emergencies.
C: Performing regular community environmental health assessments - This falls under primary prevention as it aims to identify potential environmental health risks and prevent them from occurring in the first place.
A nurse implements an education program that incorporates computer games to reinforce learning for a group of older adults. Although the research demonstrates evidence of improved retention of this information, the nurse experiences exactly the opposite with this group. Which of the following is the most likely cause of such poor outcomes?
- A. Failure to consider client and setting differences
- B. Inadequate incorporation of evidence into practice
- C. Inferior quality of the available research evidence
- D. Lack of skills when evaluating the evidence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Failure to consider client and setting differences. Older adults may have different learning styles, preferences, and abilities compared to other age groups. The nurse may have overlooked these factors when implementing the computer games, resulting in poor outcomes. This highlights the importance of tailoring educational programs to fit the specific needs of the target audience.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
B: Inadequate incorporation of evidence into practice - This choice suggests a lack of proper implementation of research evidence, which is not directly related to the poor outcomes observed in this scenario.
C: Inferior quality of the available research evidence - The quality of the research evidence does not necessarily explain why the nurse did not achieve the desired outcomes.
D: Lack of skills when evaluating the evidence - While important, the lack of skills in evaluating evidence does not directly address the issue of poor outcomes with older adults in this context.
Which action by the nurse is an example of engaging in environmental justice?
- A. Using the environment to assist in client recovery
- B. Encouraging communities to engage in composting
- C. Eliminating lead-based paint in public housing
- D. Educating the community on proper disposal of hazardous materials
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Eliminating lead-based paint in public housing. This action exemplifies environmental justice as it aims to address a specific environmental hazard that disproportionately affects marginalized communities living in public housing. By removing lead-based paint, the nurse is advocating for a safe and healthy living environment for all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status. This action promotes fairness and equality in environmental protection. In contrast, choices A, B, and D focus on general environmental initiatives that may not directly target environmental injustices or disparities. Therefore, choice C is the most effective in addressing environmental justice concerns.
Which data is the nurse examining when assessing the presence of certain chemicals in the blood and urine samples from a community?
- A. Toxicology data
- B. Biomonitoring data
- C. Exposure assessments
- D. Environmental burden
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Biomonitoring data. Biomonitoring involves measuring chemicals or their metabolites in biological samples like blood and urine to assess human exposure levels. This data helps nurses understand the presence and levels of chemicals in the body. Toxicology data (choice A) focuses on the adverse effects of chemicals on biological systems, not their presence. Exposure assessments (choice C) involve determining how individuals come into contact with chemicals, not directly measuring the chemicals in samples. Environmental burden (choice D) is a broader term that includes the impact of chemicals on the environment, not specifically focused on human samples.
Which action will the public health nurse perform when conducting an ethical community study?
- A. Require each participant who provides informed consent to complete the study.
- B. Obtain informed consent only from vulnerable populations.
- C. Get informed consent only if the risks of participating in the study are high.
- D. Obtain informed consent from each participant in the study.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because obtaining informed consent from each participant in the study is a fundamental ethical principle in research involving human subjects. This process ensures that participants are fully informed about the study, its risks, benefits, and their rights before agreeing to participate. This protects their autonomy and respects their right to make an informed decision about taking part in the study. Requiring each participant to provide informed consent also promotes transparency and trust between researchers and participants. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not uphold the principle of obtaining informed consent from each participant, which is essential for ethical research conduct.