Nokea
While obtaining patient histories, which patient does the nurse identify as having the highest risk for CAD?
- A. A white man, age 54, who is a smoker and has a stressful lifestyle
- B. A white woman, age 68, with a BP of 172/100 mm Hg and who is physically inactive
- C. An Asian woman, age 45, with a cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL and a BP of 130/74 mm Hg
- D. An obese African American man, age 65, with a cholesterol level of 195 mg/dL and a BP of 128/76 mm Hg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Smoking and stress are strong risk factors for CAD.
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Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle from the aorta?
- A. Aortic valve
- B. Mitral valve
- C. Tricuspid valve
- D. Pulmonary valve
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aortic valve. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, preventing the backflow of blood into the left ventricle during diastole. This is essential for maintaining proper blood flow direction and preventing regurgitation. The other choices, B: Mitral valve, C: Tricuspid valve, and D: Pulmonary valve, are all located in different areas of the heart and serve different functions. The mitral valve is between the left atrium and ventricle, the tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and ventricle, and the pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. None of these valves are responsible for preventing backflow into the left ventricle from the aorta.
The client is on furosemide (Lasix) and has a potassium level of 2.9 mEq/L. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Administer potassium supplements.
- B. Hold the furosemide and notify the healthcare provider.
- C. Continue the current dose of furosemide.
- D. Decrease the dose of furosemide.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that can cause potassium loss.
2. Potassium level of 2.9 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia, which can lead to serious complications.
3. Priority is to address low potassium levels to prevent adverse effects like cardiac arrhythmias.
4. Administering potassium supplements helps to normalize potassium levels promptly.
Summary:
B: Holding furosemide without addressing low potassium can worsen the imbalance.
C: Continuing the current dose without addressing low potassium can lead to further depletion.
D: Decreasing furosemide dose before addressing low potassium can delay correcting the imbalance.
What is an infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs of one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus?
- A. Pneumonia
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Pleurisy
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs of the lungs, leading to fluid or pus accumulation. This is a common respiratory condition characterized by symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Pleurisy (C) is inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs, not the air sacs. Tuberculosis (B) is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs but does not specifically mention inflammation and pus in the air sacs. Pulmonary edema (D) is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs but is not caused by an infection like pneumonia.
The client on enoxaparin (Lovenox) is scheduled for surgery. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Hold the enoxaparin and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer the enoxaparin as scheduled.
- C. Administer vitamin K before the surgery.
- D. Monitor the client's INR and proceed with surgery.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the enoxaparin and notify the healthcare provider. Enoxaparin is an anticoagulant that increases the risk of bleeding during surgery. Holding it reduces this risk. Notifying the healthcare provider is crucial for further guidance. Administering enoxaparin (B) can lead to excessive bleeding. Administering vitamin K (C) is not indicated for enoxaparin therapy. Monitoring INR (D) is not appropriate for enoxaparin, which does not affect INR levels.
Which neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to increase heart rate and the force of contraction of the heart?
- A. Norepinephrine
- B. Epinephrine
- C. Dopamine
- D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is released by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to increase heart rate and the force of contraction. This neurotransmitter acts on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, leading to these effects. Epinephrine (choice B) is also released by the SNS and acts similarly to norepinephrine but is not as specific for the heart's beta-1 receptors. Dopamine (choice C) primarily acts as a precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine and does not directly increase heart rate or force of contraction. Acetylcholine (choice D) is released by the parasympathetic nervous system and decreases heart rate and the force of contraction.