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Who is the center of care?
- A. The doctor
- B. The administrator
- C. The patient
- D. The nurse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The PATIENT is the center of care and the core of the healthcare team. The PATIENT holds the utmost importance within the healthcare setting. Healthcare professionals collaborate as a team to effectively address the needs of the patient. The primary focus should always be on the patient, who plays a crucial role in decision-making. While other healthcare team members, such as doctors, nurses, and administrators, play vital roles, the patient remains the central figure. The patient has the fundamental right to receive quality care from all members of the healthcare team.
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A client is having difficulties reading an educational pamphlet. He cannot find his glasses. In order to read the words, he must hold the pamphlet at arm's length, which allows him to read the information. Which vision deficit does this client most likely suffer from?
- A. Cataracts
- B. Glaucoma
- C. Astigmatism
- D. Presbyopia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Presbyopia is a condition that occurs when the lens of the eye loses accommodation and is unable to focus light on objects nearby. As a result, clients are unable to see or read items up close but may have success when holding the same item at arm's length. Many clients with presbyopia must wear bifocals, but long-distance vision remains unaffected. Cataracts involve clouding of the eye's lens, leading to blurry vision. Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve, causing vision loss. Astigmatism is a refractive error where the cornea or lens has an irregular shape, leading to distorted or blurred vision.
While caring for Mr. Charles Y., you see a notation on the nursing care plan that states, 'remind the patient to use the incentive spirometer tid.' This patient will be reminded at which of the following times?
- A. 10:00 AM
- B. 10 am and 2 pm
- C. 10 am, 2 pm, and 6 pm
- D. 10 am, 2 pm, 6 pm, and 10 pm
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The abbreviation 'tid' stands for 'ter in die,' which means three times a day. In this case, the patient should be reminded to use the incentive spirometer at 10 am, 2 pm, and 6 pm. Option A, '10 am,' is too infrequent for tid dosing. Option B, '10 am and 2 pm,' is missing the third reminder at 6 pm. Option D, '10 am, 2 pm, 6 pm, and 10 pm,' includes an additional time that is not part of the standard tid dosing schedule.
You are ready to wash your patient's face. You would start by washing what area of the face?
- A. The forehead
- B. The eyes
- C. The ears
- D. The cheeks
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When washing a patient's face, it is essential to start by cleaning the eyes. The eye area is considered the priority because moving from an area that can potentially be infected to areas of the face and body that are least able to become infected with a washcloth helps prevent the spread of germs. Washing the forehead, ears, or cheeks before the eyes may risk transferring bacteria to a more sensitive area like the eyes, which could lead to infections or other complications. Therefore, starting with the eyes ensures proper hygiene and reduces the risk of introducing harmful microorganisms to the patient's face.
Who is legally able to make decisions for the patient or resident during a patient care conference when the patient is not mentally able to make decisions on their own?
- A. The patient or their healthcare proxy
- B. Only the patient
- C. Only the healthcare proxy
- D. The doctor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When a patient is unable to make decisions due to mental incapacity, the healthcare proxy, designated by the patient in advance, has the legal authority to make decisions on the patient's behalf. In this situation, the patient lacks the capacity to make decisions independently. The healthcare proxy's role is to represent the patient's wishes and best interests. The doctor's role in a patient care conference is to provide medical expertise, offer recommendations, and assist in the decision-making process, but the final decision-making authority lies with the healthcare proxy, not the doctor.
Which statement by the client with chronic obstructive lung disease indicates an understanding of the major reason for the use of occasional pursed-lip breathing?
- A. ''This action of my lips helps to keep my airway open.''
- B. ''I can expel more air when I pucker up my lips to breathe out.''
- C. ''My mouth doesn't get as dry when I breathe with pursed lips.''
- D. ''By prolonging breathing out with pursed lips, the smaller areas in my lungs don't collapse.''
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have difficulty exhaling fully due to the weak alveolar walls from the disease process. Pursed-lip breathing helps prevent alveolar collapse by maintaining positive pressure in the airways during exhalation. This is the major reason for using pursed-lip breathing in individuals with chronic obstructive lung disease. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not directly address the main purpose of pursed-lip breathing, which is to prevent alveolar collapse and improve exhalation in these patients.